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The 1930s were a decade which erupted into color as photographic technology came of age and new, innovative processes brought color photography to the market. Rare, private, and commercial film and photographic archives give poignant and surprising insights into the era and reflects the culture, travel habits and spirit of adventure associated with this transformative time.
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00:00This is 1930s Britain, for the first time black-and-white films now in colour.
00:11Bringing new life to the good times and the bad.
00:17It's a turbulent decade, the best things happen and the worst things happen.
00:22Three kings in one year, the monarchy in crisis.
00:26A government gambles everything in a desperate bid to stem the Nazi tide.
00:37Looking back in history, we say, well, how can they not be 360-degree aware of the reality of what they were facing?
00:48This time, it's just one year to war.
00:53Britain prepares.
00:54Put on your gas pumps, men.
00:56Leave it on.
00:57And opens its doors to Europe's most vulnerable children.
01:02There's an incredible stoicism about them.
01:04Must have been absolutely terrifying.
01:07British children are blissfully ignorant.
01:12Until war and evacuation brings its own trauma.
01:17Look at that boy. Look at him. He tries to smile there.
01:20They don't know what's going to happen to them.
01:23This is an extraordinary time.
01:26This is the 30s in colour.
01:30Countdown to war.
01:31And the first time of war.
01:32It was the 31st century of...
01:35China.
01:35...
01:53...
01:54A CIDADE NO BRITAIN
02:24London's Children's Zoo had just opened.
02:28A world away from the grown-up worries of war.
02:31Gosh, it's hard.
02:35London Zoo is a fine bit of news for young visitors.
02:38I only wish that this had been possible in my young days.
02:44It's the summer months that can see these days out.
02:48Moments of just free recreational time.
02:51It's so carefree.
02:52These are young, innocent children.
02:55You can see the excitement.
02:56You can see the joy.
02:58The simple pleasure of watching a Punch and Judy show is ecstatic.
03:03And there's nothing on the horizon that would upset this for them at this time.
03:07They don't know about any huge political changes or social changes.
03:12They're just young children enjoying themselves
03:14and being given the opportunity to enjoy themselves,
03:17which had been so rare up until before this decade.
03:20There is a sense of optimism.
03:31People have got a glimpse of what a better world would be, could be.
03:37We could work shorter hours.
03:40We could have longer holidays.
03:42We could work in clean places.
03:44We could build nice schools and hospitals.
03:48People are starting to envisage a better, fairer society.
03:51But in a few short months, on the 10th of November, 1938,
04:01news arrived of Kristallnacht, known as the Night of the Broken Glass.
04:09Chamberlain's peace agreement was in peril.
04:11For 24 hours, Nazi paramilitary forces and civilians
04:18violently targeted and destroyed Jewish homes,
04:22businesses and synagogues across Germany.
04:28The Kristallnacht concentrates minds quite rightly.
04:32Lots of things change after that.
04:35And it's almost as if the scales fall from people's eyes
04:39around the nature of the Nazi regime,
04:42which up to that point, you know, people had been trying to appease.
04:54Hitler was increasing the pace of his drive to war in 1938.
04:59And part of this, then, was a mass outbreak
05:02of anti-Semitic violence ordered by Hitler.
05:079,000 Jewish-owned shops were trashed
05:10in the so-called Night of Broken Glass.
05:13About 1,000 synagogues were burnt to the ground.
05:1630,000 Jewish men were arrested and put into concentration camps.
05:20Many Jewish, dozens and scores of Jewish people
05:23were murdered in the courts of the Kristallnacht.
05:25The official figure was 91,
05:27but in fact, I'm sure it was much greater than that.
05:29This got very widespread publicity across the world.
05:33It's a pretty desperate situation.
05:35When Earl Baldwin broadcast his appeal
05:39for Jewish refugees from Germany,
05:42thousands of men and women,
05:43despoiled of their goods,
05:45driven from their homes,
05:46seeking sanctuary on our doorstep.
05:49These were victims not of any catastrophe
05:51of the natural world,
05:52but of man's inhumanity to man.
05:55Meanwhile, these child refugees from Germany,
05:58who have found shelter in Britain,
06:00are being cared for and are learning
06:02to play a useful part in the nation's work.
06:14The British government supported
06:16the humanitarian mission known as Kinder Transport.
06:20The scheme rescued mainly Jewish children
06:23from the dangers of Nazi Germany
06:25and Nazi-occupied Austria,
06:27and later from Czechoslovakia and Poland.
06:31Over the coming months,
06:3310,000 children were allowed into Britain,
06:35but they had to leave home without their parents.
06:39You had incredible barriers
06:43to prevent adult Jews from getting out of Germany.
06:47Everybody in my family knows of the desperation
06:51that Jewish parents felt.
06:53These are children.
06:55Their parents have put them on trains and boats
07:00to save them.
07:01Entrepreneur and philanthropist Dame Stephanie Shirley
07:19was just five years old
07:21when she was placed on one of the last
07:23Kindertransport trains leaving Vienna.
07:25Her birth name was Vera Buchtal.
07:34So I've seen this in black and white,
07:36lovely in colour.
07:37I remember going onto the ferry,
07:39which was at night.
07:41I'd never really seen the sea,
07:43and there was this black, inky water,
07:46and apparently, as I remember,
07:48a very small gangplank going up to the sea,
07:52sort of somewhat nauseous crossing
07:55of the channel from Hook from Holland to Harwich.
08:02We all had masses of clothes on
08:04because we couldn't bring anything else out,
08:07so our parents apparently put us in two or three coats
08:10so that we had...
08:12This is in July,
08:14so we were wearing as much as we could.
08:17Prior to the crossing,
08:19Vera and her nine-year-old sister Renate
08:22had a growing awareness of what was going on in Austria
08:26and why their mother fought so hard to get them out.
08:30I knew it was a difficult time.
08:33My sister was stoned as she left her little school.
08:39She had a kind teacher who would let her out early.
08:43My sister and I, being half-Jewish, half-not-Jewish,
08:49were called crossbreeds,
08:51occasionally subhuman, really animal.
08:56It was beginning to get quite anti-Semitic.
09:00It was a long, long journey.
09:02We slept on strips of corrugated cardboard
09:05on the floor, on the benches,
09:08and, believe it or not, in the overhead luggage racks.
09:11Each train had about 1,000 children aged 5 to 16
09:17with a few 17-year-olds snuck in.
09:20And unbelievably, really,
09:24there were just two adults on the train.
09:29So it was fairly bad Lamech.
09:30There were also some babies and some volunteers
09:38who were not eligible to escape from Nazi Europe.
09:42Lily Reichenfeld was one of the volunteers
09:45taking care of the young children on Kindertransport.
09:50A non-Jewish friend had guaranteed
09:52that she would return to Germany
09:55to what she must have known was almost certain death.
09:59And she had made two such journeys of love, really,
10:05had returned to Germany.
10:08And then it was Theresienstadt,
10:12Auschwitz and oblivion.
10:15Courage has many forms.
10:18What I do remember very much
10:22is arriving at Liverpool Street Station.
10:25And that was a grey day.
10:29It was silent.
10:311,000 children were coming off the train
10:35after a two-and-a-half-day journey.
10:37We were dirty, we were tired.
10:40I think we were just so traumatised
10:41that it was almost a silent exit.
10:43We filed into a very large hall
10:47and waited to be claimed,
10:51like bits of lost luggage.
10:54In a sense, we were.
10:56But we were very, very lucky.
10:58Our foster parents were lovely, loving people
11:02living in the Midlands of England.
11:05They didn't speak a word of German.
11:07My father had taught us a few words of English,
11:10so I could say things like slow-combustion stove.
11:15Very useful for a five-year-old,
11:18but didn't know how to ask to go to the bathroom.
11:21We arrived in July the 6th,
11:24and when school started in September,
11:27our English was good enough for us to go to school.
11:31Well, I felt the need to fit in quite quickly,
11:34strongly and dramatically.
11:36I desperately wanted to assimilate.
11:39It's absolutely driven my life.
11:41It's certainly shaped who I am.
11:43But it also gave me, very early on,
11:45the need to justify why I was saved
11:50and to make sure that the life that was saved
11:54was worth saving.
11:55The rescue of child refugees came at a time
12:17when Hitler's military forces
12:19were taking control of other nations,
12:21and Britain realised it had to prepare for war,
12:25like it or not.
12:27People thought that an entire city
12:28could be destroyed in a matter of weeks.
12:31You see these pictures of people scurrying about,
12:34putting on gas masks,
12:35filling up sandbags.
12:36It's exactly what happened.
12:38By early spring 1939, Europe was in crisis.
12:50Fascist dictator General Franco
12:52was about to win the Spanish Civil War
12:55with support from Nazi Germany.
12:57On the 15th of March,
13:00the British government was stunned
13:02to learn that Hitler's troops had marched into Prague,
13:06forcing the whole of Czechoslovakia
13:08to live under Nazi rule.
13:10This was really, really shocking
13:12because it was the absolute tearing up
13:16of the Munich Agreement,
13:18that agreement which had been brokered
13:20between Britain, France and Germany and Italy
13:23in September 1938
13:25and was meant to be a full stop.
13:27It was meant to be,
13:28Hitler said,
13:28his last territorial demand.
13:31But here he is,
13:31he has invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia.
13:34This really destroys the policy
13:36that has become known by now as appeasement.
13:39It is consistently said
13:40that his aim is to bring
13:41all ethnic Germans within the Reich.
13:44He's got the Germans.
13:45This is now taking in Czechs.
13:47It is all about empire building
13:49and people now begin to realise
13:51as they see these clips
13:52of the Germans entering Prague
13:54that they are dealing with another Napoleon.
13:58The Chamberlain and the Cabinet
13:59realised immediately in March 1939
14:02that Hitler was now driving towards war
14:05and so the next country on the list was Poland
14:09and so they issued a guarantee to Poland
14:11that they would come to Poland's aid
14:14if Hitler invaded.
14:15No British government will submit
14:17to dictation from a foreign power
14:20as to its foreign policy.
14:24These mighty armaments of which I speak
14:27are not there to threaten anyone
14:31but they are there available
14:34to resist aggression or domination.
14:38Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
14:40warned Germany of Britain's guarantee to Poland
14:43and that Britain was re-arming.
14:45The nation realised,
14:47whether they wanted to or not,
14:49that the whole country would now take
14:51an active role to prepare for war.
14:55Seen here in this recruitment film
14:57for the Air Raid Protection Service in Salford.
14:59This is preparing for a whole new kind of conflict
15:07in a whole new way.
15:09It's going to be aerial bombardment,
15:12potentially poison gas,
15:14targeting of civilian populations.
15:16You can see that the level of preparation
15:18just has to be monumental.
15:20For the first time in British history,
15:26civilians on the ground
15:28were the likely targets of German bombers
15:30and the ARP wardens
15:32would be the first responders.
15:36They were doing such an important job
15:38and they were a first line of defence, really,
15:42for the home front.
15:44People who joined the ARP
15:45were people who couldn't join up
15:48for other services in the main
15:51but wanted to contribute.
15:58Seeing this character on his bike
16:00with that armband on in that uniform,
16:02that makes me immediately think of Dad's Army,
16:05the character of the ARP warden
16:07played by Bill Pertwee.
16:11All the individuals we see in this clip are men,
16:14but there were many women
16:14who served as air raid precaution wardens
16:18as well, including my granny, Beryl.
16:22She was a fire warden
16:23and had what must have been
16:24an extremely frightening job
16:25of going round after air raids,
16:27so she was just one of millions of people
16:29who had these important
16:30but very, very difficult and frightening jobs.
16:36One of the drills the ARP wardens practised
16:39seemed to be what to do
16:41in the event of a gas attack,
16:43using actors as the poison victims.
16:46Reminds me of those sort of national service adverts
16:51for what you do in the case of nuclear war.
16:55It's a sort of stage-managed affair,
16:58an attempt to create a sort of calm
17:00in a very uncalm situation.
17:03Here, I think the guy at the front of the shot
17:05doesn't realise that he's still in the shot, possibly.
17:08He's taken off the gas mask
17:09and doesn't realise that, in this scenario,
17:11he should by now have died
17:13from inhaling the poison gas.
17:15In the First World War,
17:17there was mustard gas
17:18and people alive at this moment
17:21were suffering the effects of mustard gas bombs
17:23during the First World War,
17:25so that had a very strong reality about it.
17:29Would Hitler drop poison gas bombs on Britain?
17:33Yes, he could, would, probably would.
17:36That's what's behind that.
17:39Tens of millions of gas masks were made
17:42and probably one of the abiding memories
17:43for a lot of people
17:44who lived through the Second World War
17:46is that little cardboard box
17:47they had to have all the time, close at hand.
17:50I'm reminded of the fact
17:52that we had a gas mask
17:53in the top cupboard in our house
17:54and I thought it was funny.
17:57So I remember putting it on
17:59and walking round the house
18:01and my mum, who hardly ever shouted at me,
18:05screaming at me and saying,
18:07take it off.
18:08I can just see the look on her face,
18:11that she thought it was an ugly, terrible thing,
18:15not because of how it looked,
18:17but what it represented.
18:26As part of its preparations
18:28for rearming,
18:30British factories up and down the country
18:32were now producing war parts.
18:35The economy was boosted
18:36and employment was on the up.
18:38Today we present dramatic pictures
18:40of men labouring night and day,
18:42producing the shells for our artillery.
18:44And if you think they've got a cushy job at home,
18:45you'd better think again.
18:47Filmmakers got busy too.
18:50Public information films
18:52designed to prepare the population
18:54for danger on the home front
18:55were rolled out in cinemas.
18:58When you hear these warning sirens,
19:08take cover at once.
19:13Even now it's a terrifying wail.
19:15That siren sound,
19:21it's just so evocative.
19:25I didn't grow up hearing those sounds
19:27in this context,
19:29but even I find them quite
19:31disturbing to hear.
19:35The warning may also be given
19:36by short blasts on police whistles.
19:39People would have paid very close attention
19:44to these films
19:45because however bad
19:47the subsequent blitz turned out to be,
19:50people in the 1930s
19:51thought that it was going to be even worse.
19:54People thought that an entire city
19:55could be destroyed
19:56in a matter of weeks.
19:58I just can't really imagine
20:02what that would have been like.
20:03I mean, my parents were
20:04primary school kids
20:06when this was happening
20:07and into their old age
20:09would talk about
20:10the fear that they felt.
20:15That kind of sick
20:16kind of feeling
20:18in the pit of your stomach
20:19about absolute fear
20:21of what's going to happen.
20:21You see these pictures
20:26of people scurrying about,
20:27putting on gas masks,
20:28filling up sandbags.
20:30It's exactly what happened.
20:31Aerial bombing.
20:33You know,
20:33this is one of the most disgusting,
20:36appalling, frightful things
20:37that human beings
20:38have ever invented.
20:42Shirley Williams was nine
20:44in 1939,
20:45living in London.
20:47These films say very much
20:49about the gas mask issue,
20:51but actually much more
20:51important,
20:52but for most people
20:53was to have an Anderson
20:55shelter in their garden,
20:56which meant that the minute
20:57that they heard a siren,
20:59they would rush into the garden,
21:01stay in the shelter.
21:02I remember doing that.
21:04My job was to carry
21:05my mother's cook's daughter,
21:07who was only a baby,
21:08as fast as I possibly could
21:10into the Anderson shelter.
21:11My father at the entrance,
21:13he would oversee
21:14whether there were
21:15more indications
21:16of further bombing to come.
21:18So you've got this kind of
21:19private world of protection
21:21but not one that was
21:23quite as advanced
21:24or as sophisticated
21:25as you would have got
21:26much later in the war.
21:28If you are provided
21:29with a steel shelter
21:31and have not erected it,
21:33do so at once.
21:34It was extremely flimsy.
21:37It might protect you
21:38against the blast
21:39if your house was bombed,
21:41but you couldn't expect much
21:44in the way of safety
21:45from a direct hit.
21:52Do not use the telephone
21:54except for very short,
21:56urgent messages.
21:58I'm sorry,
21:59the number's still engaged.
22:01But tweed.
22:02No, not tweed, darling.
22:05Even though this film
22:06was clearly made
22:07to show what life
22:08might be like,
22:09what actually happened
22:10when war came.
22:11There's moments
22:12where we think,
22:13really?
22:14When you look at the woman
22:14on the telephone
22:15eating the chocolates
22:16because she's been
22:16on the phone for ages
22:17chatting to her friend,
22:18it's very stereotypical.
22:19Think of my line.
22:22I'm so sorry,
22:23the number's still engaged.
22:25You may be causing
22:26delay to vital calls.
22:28By the summer of 1939,
22:34as Britain prepared for war,
22:36life, for the most part,
22:38continued as normal.
22:42I guess you can't live
22:43in a state of high alert.
22:45And maybe some of this
22:45keep calm and carry on idea
22:48is the only way people
22:51can get through something
22:52which is terrifying.
22:54What else could you do?
22:56You had to carry on
22:57as usual,
22:58otherwise everything
22:59would have fallen apart.
23:00By the summer of 1939,
23:23with war looming,
23:24the British public
23:25is instructed to carry on,
23:27that whatever happens,
23:29Britain is a nation prepared.
23:30So up and down the country,
23:34ordinary life
23:35continued as normal.
23:38They went to the cinema,
23:39they read books,
23:40newspapers,
23:41enjoyed everything,
23:42enjoyed Butlin's holiday
23:43camps and so on.
23:44We can imagine
23:45that the greater the threat
23:46of disaster,
23:48war,
23:49of death,
23:49of bombing,
23:50of losing loved ones,
23:51the more intense
23:52the emotional experiences,
23:55the more intense
23:55a pleasure you might take
23:57in your freedom
23:58and your moments of enjoyment
23:59when you feel them
24:00so much under threat.
24:06By this time,
24:07some could afford
24:08their own movie cameras,
24:09which allowed them
24:10to record those
24:11everyday moments
24:12of pleasure
24:13and freedom,
24:14like this family
24:15in Delamere Forest,
24:17Cheshire.
24:17happy-looking family picnic.
24:23Always wear your tie,
24:24even on a picnic.
24:30Sheeting.
24:31Stick of celery.
24:32Celery.
24:35He's getting his hair slicked back,
24:36bit of brill cream on there.
24:38He had his comb
24:45put under his nose
24:46as if he was doing
24:47an impression of Hitler.
24:48I mean,
24:48a lot of the British people
24:49did think that
24:50Hitler was a lunatic,
24:53a sinister lunatic.
24:56It's funny
24:57the way this terror
24:58of Hitler
24:58is kind of
24:59diverted
25:00into a joke.
25:01So we've got
25:02the famous song,
25:03Hitler has only
25:05got one ball.
25:07Goering has two
25:08but very small.
25:10Himmler is very similar.
25:12And poor old Goebbels
25:13has no balls at all.
25:14Now,
25:15what does that represent?
25:15Apart from the vulgarity of it,
25:17is that these people,
25:18we will castrate them
25:20in the song.
25:21We will make them
25:22less fearful
25:23than they are.
25:24It's to,
25:25not necessarily
25:26to humanise the enemy,
25:27but to make the enemy
25:29less serious.
25:30and if they're
25:31being mocked,
25:32then they cannot
25:32be that serious.
25:34And therefore,
25:35if they're not
25:35that serious,
25:36we'll be OK.
25:38Life will go on.
25:39Keep calm,
25:40carry on.
25:44In Northampton,
25:46Wynne Bassett Loke
25:47and his wife Jane
25:48were also
25:48home movie enthusiasts.
25:51Their great-niece Jane
25:53remembers them fondly.
25:56My memory
25:57very much
25:58is of him
25:59never sitting still.
26:01My aunt was forever saying,
26:02oh, come and sit down,
26:04Wynne.
26:04And he'd sit down
26:05for two or three seconds
26:07and then bounce up again
26:09and say,
26:09oh, I need to go
26:10and get so-and-so,
26:11and off he'd go.
26:16Uncle Wynne
26:17was a successful toy maker
26:18whose company
26:19specialised in producing
26:21model railways
26:22with trains
26:23large and small.
26:26A skill that was,
26:27surprisingly,
26:28to prove vital
26:29for Britain
26:30in the war years ahead.
26:34Bassett Loke Garden Railways
26:36featured in newly emerging
26:37theme parks,
26:39like Beckinscott,
26:41the famous 1930s model village
26:43in Buckinghamshire.
26:48He really was
26:50Mr. Tomorrow's man.
26:52He was always
26:53full of new ideas
26:55and didn't talk down
26:57to us as children.
26:59He would invite us
27:00to come and see
27:01whatever his latest
27:03new acquisition was,
27:06and you sort of
27:08felt excited by him.
27:10He liked making films.
27:13He's lovely
27:13to see the colour.
27:16This would be
27:17one of his projects
27:19to show how good
27:20a town Northampton is.
27:25He was involved
27:26in the design
27:28and planning
27:29of new,
27:30proper,
27:31municipal,
27:32indoor baths
27:34and he was
27:35him who wanted
27:37them to be
27:37art deco
27:38and really
27:40rather special
27:41and full
27:42Olympic length.
27:46With the success
27:47of his company,
27:49Wynne Bassett Loke
27:49commissioned
27:50German architect
27:51Peter Behrens
27:52to design his home
27:53in Northampton,
27:55England's first
27:56modernist house.
27:59New Ways
28:01was such a different
28:03house from any
28:04of the other
28:04houses.
28:05as I visited.
28:07There was
28:08these lovely
28:09tiled hallway
28:11to went into
28:12and because
28:14it had a flat roof
28:15it looked different.
28:19Back in the 1930s
28:21we didn't lock
28:22front doors
28:23during the day
28:25and tortoise
28:27sat on a little table
28:30near the door
28:31so when you went
28:33to visit
28:33New Ways
28:35you'd open
28:36the front door
28:37and you would
28:38go and you
28:39would ring
28:39tortoise.
28:43The Bassett Loke
28:44company was
28:45commissioned
28:46for the war
28:46effort
28:47creating important
28:48scale models
28:49of Bailey bridges
28:50for the royal
28:51engineers
28:51and later
28:53working models
28:54of Mulberry
28:55Harbour
28:55which would
28:56prove invaluable
28:57during the
28:58Allied invasion
28:59of Normandy
29:00in 1944.
29:02This was my
29:03wartime secret
29:04which for years
29:06I never told
29:07anyone
29:07because we'd
29:09always been
29:10drilled
29:11during the war
29:12that careless talk
29:13cost lives
29:15and we didn't
29:16talk about it
29:17and as young
29:19children
29:20somehow
29:21you did
29:21pick up
29:22anxiety.
29:26With war
29:27on the horizon
29:28holidays
29:29were a welcome
29:30distraction.
29:31In Wales
29:32the Salford
29:33Lads Club
29:33were taking
29:34their annual
29:35camping trip.
29:36It was something
29:37they looked forward
29:38to all year round
29:39and the 1939
29:41trip to Aberystwyth
29:42was no exception.
29:43These teenagers
29:45didn't know
29:46their lives
29:47would change
29:48so dramatically.
29:49For some
29:50it would be
29:51the last
29:51carefree time
29:52of their lives.
29:54We still do this
29:55to this day
29:56jumping off the rocks
29:58but the costumes
29:58are a little bit
29:59different.
30:01I would imagine
30:01they were all
30:02made of wool
30:02but you'd get
30:03them wet
30:04and the costume
30:05would
30:05expose
30:08what they shouldn't.
30:10The sausage
30:11would look a bit
30:11nothing changes
30:13well they still
30:14complain about
30:15the food though
30:15don't they
30:15they still have
30:16to wash up
30:17their own gear
30:17don't they?
30:17They had to wash
30:18their own gear
30:19and for the best
30:19order this
30:20for washing pots
30:21and for tidying up
30:22they'd get a prize
30:23for that.
30:24The blankets there
30:25that the lads
30:25are folding there
30:26those would be
30:27army blankets
30:27from the first
30:28world war probably.
30:30Camping trips
30:31like this one
30:32in Wales
30:32were especially
30:33important to
30:34growing lads
30:35coming away
30:36from dangerous
30:37industrial areas.
30:38when we get
30:41into the 1930s
30:41here we're
30:42talking about
30:42a very polluted
30:44environment
30:44aren't we?
30:45That was the other
30:45one.
30:46Didn't you have
30:46to like a lot
30:48of people
30:48you ended up
30:49in a TB
30:49I did yeah.
30:51Well I did
30:51I had new money
30:52when I was
30:52growing up
30:53so these mill
30:54towns were
30:54just full of
30:55sooty atmosphere
30:56so going into
30:57the countryside
30:58it's a powerful
30:59thing is the
30:59camp it was
31:00it had lots
31:01of kind of
31:01levels to it.
31:04He looks
31:05very familiar
31:05that actually
31:06does look like
31:06Clifford
31:07I think
31:07that looks
31:08a bit like
31:08Clifford Seddon
31:09Clifford Seddon
31:14enjoyed camp
31:15life with his
31:16friends so much
31:17that he'd
31:17already signed
31:18up for the
31:191940 camp
31:20the next year
31:21even though
31:22war loomed
31:23ever closer.
31:25Although it
31:26was a very
31:26dark time I
31:27suppose it
31:28was still
31:28you know
31:29we're going
31:29to go next
31:29year so
31:30the idea
31:31of this
31:31suddenly
31:31coming to
31:32a halt
31:32was
31:32extremely
31:34you know
31:35difficult
31:36for kids
31:37everybody
31:37thought it
31:38was going
31:38to be
31:39next year
31:39in 1940
31:40because we
31:40actually
31:40set camp
31:42up for
31:421940
31:43when that
31:44camp was
31:45cancelled
31:45Clifford Seddon
31:47signed up
31:48to the RAF
31:48aged just
31:5016
31:51in March
31:521944
31:53he would be
31:54killed in a
31:55Lancaster bomber
31:55on a mission
31:57over Frankfurt
31:57places like
31:59Salford
32:00Lads Club
32:00which offered
32:01a place
32:02for young
32:02men and
32:03boys
32:03to learn
32:05to get
32:05involved
32:05in
32:06recreational
32:06activities
32:07such as
32:07boxing
32:08and football
32:08they were
32:09given a
32:09space
32:10outside
32:10their
32:11particularly
32:11hard
32:11lives
32:12to
32:12just
32:12be
32:13boys
32:13and
32:14be
32:14lads
32:14and keep
32:15out of
32:15trouble
32:15in a way
32:16you can
32:17see the
32:18joy on
32:18their faces
32:19and it
32:19just makes
32:20you feel
32:20quite happy
32:20that if
32:21they do
32:22go to
32:22war
32:22and if
32:23they're
32:23about
32:23to have
32:24their
32:24whole
32:24lives
32:25upturned
32:26and
32:27changed
32:27that
32:28they've
32:28experienced
32:29a day
32:29just
32:30full of
32:30simple
32:31joy
32:31and
32:31simple
32:32pleasures
32:32like
32:32this
32:33as soon
32:34as I
32:34came
32:35through
32:35the
32:35door
32:35it
32:36seemed
32:36to me
32:37like
32:37one
32:37of
32:37the
32:37most
32:38special
32:38places
32:38I'd
32:38ever
32:39seen
32:39you were
32:42waiting to
32:42get to
32:43the age of
32:4413 so you
32:45could join
32:45and like
32:47you come
32:48through the
32:48door
32:48and games
32:49to play
32:50it was
32:50something
32:50that
32:51everybody
32:51every boy
32:52in the
32:52area
32:53looked forward
32:54to doing
32:54joining
32:56Salford Lads
32:56Club
32:56it was
32:57the place
32:59to be
32:59long may
33:02it continue
33:02by the
33:05late
33:06summer
33:06of 1939
33:07the tents
33:08of
33:08Salford
33:09Lads
33:09Club
33:09had long
33:10been
33:10packed
33:11away
33:11English
33:13cricket
33:13fans
33:14endured
33:14the rain
33:15cheerfully
33:15the test
33:17series
33:17against
33:18the West
33:18Indies
33:19was going
33:19their way
33:20but due
33:21to the
33:21imminent
33:22outbreak
33:22of war
33:23the cricket
33:24was suddenly
33:24abandoned
33:25war
33:30is yet
33:31to be
33:31declared
33:31but the
33:32government
33:33orders a
33:33frantic
33:34major scale
33:34evacuation
33:35sending
33:36millions
33:36of children
33:37and adults
33:38out of cities
33:39destination
33:40unknown
33:42we
33:44two children
33:45were told
33:46oh it's
33:47all going
33:47to be
33:47over
33:48by
33:48Christmas
33:48and it's
33:49a big
33:50adventure
33:50anyway
33:51what was
33:52on with a
33:53gas mask
33:54hang on
33:55to your
33:55gas mask
33:56on the
34:111st of
34:11September
34:121939
34:13news arrived
34:14that Hitler's
34:15armed forces
34:16had invaded
34:17Poland
34:17in the early
34:18hours of the
34:19morning
34:19propaganda
34:21showed a
34:22Britain
34:22prepared
34:23war
34:24if
34:25evidence
34:25of
34:25readiness
34:26for war
34:26is the
34:27sole
34:27remaining
34:27hope
34:27of peace
34:28all bear
34:29witness
34:29that if
34:29war
34:29comes
34:30we
34:30shall
34:30not
34:30be
34:31found
34:31wanting
34:31troops
34:34were
34:34mobilized
34:35as Britain
34:36and France
34:36agreed a
34:3748-hour
34:38hiatus
34:38before the
34:39official
34:40declaration
34:40of war
34:41with German
34:43bombers
34:44capable of
34:44flattening
34:45entire cities
34:46and their
34:47civilians
34:47the British
34:49nation
34:49pulled together
34:50as never
34:51before
34:51the government
34:53commenced
34:54Operation Pied
34:55Piper
34:56the biggest
34:57mass movement
34:57in British
34:58history
34:58in just
35:00three days
35:01three and a half
35:02million people
35:03were evacuated
35:04including nearly
35:06a million
35:07unaccompanied
35:08children
35:08sent from
35:10towns and
35:10cities across
35:11Britain
35:11to the
35:12countryside
35:13these parents
35:18have not met
35:19the people
35:19who are receiving
35:20their children
35:21they are entrusting
35:22their children
35:22perhaps forever
35:24to strangers
35:25it's the most
35:27incredible thing
35:28look at that boy
35:30look at him
35:30he tries to smile
35:31there
35:32you know
35:33they don't know
35:34what's going to
35:35happen to them
35:36as little children
35:39being given
35:40their cups of
35:41tea
35:41or possibly
35:42cocoa
35:43hot drink
35:44is the answer
35:44to emotional
35:45trauma
35:46waving their
35:48handkerchiefs
35:49steaming out
35:50of the British
35:51city
35:51into the British
35:52countryside
35:53look at their eyes
35:55all these separations
35:57imposed by war
35:58so that's what you can see
35:59on their faces
35:59separation
36:00it's such a powerful thing
36:03look there
36:04that girl
36:05look at her hand
36:05clinging onto
36:06her mum's coat
36:08and putting her head
36:09next to her mum's chest
36:10she wants to be
36:12with her mum
36:13and her mum's upset
36:14as well
36:15she's been told
36:17by authorities
36:18this is safe
36:19and in a way
36:20the authorities
36:20are right
36:21a lot of people
36:22were killed
36:22in the cities
36:23and these children
36:24who went
36:25if they went
36:26to the countryside
36:26they survived
36:27many of us
36:31will have
36:31parents and
36:32grandparents
36:33who went
36:34through this
36:35in some way
36:35and were
36:36emotionally
36:36affected
36:37for life
36:37by it
36:38children living
36:41near the river
36:42Thames
36:42in London
36:43were considered
36:44high risk
36:45and were first
36:46in line
36:46for evacuation
36:47Pat
36:49aged 8
36:50was living
36:51near the Woolwich Arsenal
36:52George
36:54aged 9
36:55just a few miles
36:56down the road
36:57in Belvedere
36:57to them
36:59this footage
37:00stirs up
37:01strong memories
37:02of that journey
37:03this takes me
37:05back
37:06and it's
37:07in colour
37:07too
37:08they're carrying
37:09their cases
37:10and their
37:11pillowcases
37:12some of them
37:12carried stuff
37:13in pillowcases
37:14I think I had
37:18a little bag
37:19I carried a bag
37:20and a gas mask
37:21I can always
37:22remember the gas mask
37:23hang on to your
37:25gas mask
37:25I wondered
37:28where the hell
37:29we was going
37:30that morning
37:34we went round
37:35to the school
37:35I was evacuated
37:38with my mother
37:40and my small sister
37:42under the mothers
37:43and babies scheme
37:44and we went round
37:46to Woodhill School
37:47in Woolwich
37:48we had our labels
37:51tied on us
37:52and apparently
37:53I stamped my foot
37:54and had a tantrum
37:56because I said
37:57I wasn't a piece
37:58of luggage
37:59and didn't want
37:59to have a label
38:01tied on me
38:02yeah that's me
38:08crowd
38:12we were all pushing
38:14and shoving
38:15and pushed onto the coach
38:16get on get on get on get on
38:18then we was all fighting
38:19to get to the window
38:20to look back again
38:22to say ta-ra
38:22I remember one elder sister
38:26Woody
38:26she come to the way
38:27was bye bye
38:28she was crying
38:29that's right
38:30we didn't know
38:39where we were going
38:40the trains
38:41just went
38:42you took with you
38:46a special toy
38:47and this is Ted
38:49and he was given
38:51to me by my dad
38:53he's very special
38:55especially as
38:57my father's submarine
38:59was sunk
39:00during the war
39:01I wouldn't part
39:03with him
39:03for anything
39:04that's me
39:07looking out the window
39:08watching the world
39:10go by
39:10we stopped
39:14a couple of times
39:14I remember that
39:15some had the same
39:16with us
39:17because I don't think
39:17we had sandwiches
39:19we had to rely
39:20on the sandwiches
39:21we got from the
39:23people at the station
39:24and they passed
39:25the sandwiches
39:27through the window
39:28get the drink
39:29they were giving out
39:33brown paper bags
39:34with iron rations
39:36in them
39:37tins of corned beef
39:38and tins of milk
39:40and packets of biscuits
39:41and nuts and raisins
39:43and a big bar of chocolate
39:45you can imagine
39:46and what the children
39:47did with the chocolate
39:48I knew that war
39:53meant fighting
39:54and that the grown-ups
39:56were worried
39:57but we children
39:58were told
39:59oh it's all going to be
40:01over by Christmas
40:02and it's a big adventure
40:03anyway
40:04that's when they all got out
40:11cars and coaches
40:12and we was all distributed
40:14you're going there
40:15you're going there
40:16go with that
40:17go with them
40:17and we was the last ones
40:19us five
40:20and we got in
40:21two different cars
40:23Pat's evacuation journey
40:28would take her
40:29to a grocer's shop
40:30in Kent
40:30and then on to Wales
40:33George would settle
40:35on a farm
40:35near Barnstable
40:36in Devon
40:36where he'd learn
40:38many new skills
40:38from the farmer's nephew
40:40Reg
40:40I used to go
40:42with him ploughing
40:43digging potatoes
40:44that's another laugh
40:46that was
40:46he ploughed up
40:48potatoes
40:48with old Prince
40:49one day
40:49and was behind
40:51picking all his
40:51potatoes up
40:52and oh
40:53back aching job
40:54that is
40:55oh he taught me
40:56everything
40:57everything I knew
40:58that's why I missed
40:59him I think
41:00children in those days
41:05used to play out
41:06in the street
41:07but when we were
41:08evacuated
41:09there were fields
41:10to run and play in
41:12and the river
41:13and the woods
41:14and it was so different
41:16I cried when I come home
41:18I think I cried
41:21it all the way
41:22off again
41:24I loved
41:30in fact
41:30you were
41:31oh
41:31oh lovely
41:33on Sunday
41:42the 3rd of September
41:43Chamberlain learned
41:45that Britain's
41:46final ultimatum
41:47to Hitler
41:48to withdraw
41:49from Poland
41:50had been ignored
41:51he prepared
41:53to make
41:54the most important
41:54radio announcement
41:55of his life
41:57we were in a very
42:00beautiful rural part
42:01of Britain
42:02the new forest
42:03and my brother and I
42:04were playing in the garden
42:05I remember it was full of
42:06red animal butterflies
42:07floating over the garden
42:09my mother shouted to us
42:11you must come and hear
42:12the prime minister
42:13we were told
42:14it was completely silent
42:15which we were
42:16I have to tell you now
42:19that no such undertaking
42:21has been received
42:22and that consequently
42:25this country
42:26is at war
42:28with Germany
42:29you can imagine
42:34what a bitter blow
42:36it is to me
42:37that all my long struggle
42:40to win peace
42:40has failed
42:41I remember he sounded
42:43like quite an old man
42:45he sounded broken
42:46really
42:46his voice was
42:48was broken
42:49and his style
42:51was not one of
42:52you know
42:53military victory
42:55on the contrary
42:56it was one of disaster
42:57and he talked about
42:59the
42:59talked about the war
43:01and he talked about
43:02how inevitable it was
43:03and how hard he had
43:04tried to avoid it
43:05and stop it
43:06the situation
43:08in which no word
43:10given by Germany's ruler
43:12could be trusted
43:13and no people
43:14or country
43:15could feel itself safe
43:17had become intolerable
43:19my mother broke
43:20into tears
43:21and we began to realize
43:23that something
43:24terrible had happened
43:25even if we didn't
43:26understand very well
43:27what it was
43:28I remember my parents
43:30talking about it
43:31in a kind of depressed
43:32way
43:33that everything had
43:35failed
43:36that that's what war is
43:38and now that we have
43:40resolved to finish it
43:42I know that you will
43:44all play your part
43:45with calmness
43:46and courage
43:47shortly after the announcement
43:56the first air raid siren
43:58in wartime Britain
43:59was heard
44:00as the blackout began
44:03so did a new era
44:05as Britain stepped towards
44:07an uncertain future
44:09the 1930s was not always
44:12a preparation for war
44:14it was also
44:15a preparation
44:16for peace
44:17even though we think
44:18of it as the decade
44:19preparing for war
44:21most ordinary people
44:23were not concerned
44:24with war
44:25until war
44:26actually affected them
44:28only good thing
44:30that came out of it
44:31was that no one
44:32would go back
44:33to the poverty
44:34of the 1930s
44:35and the depression
44:36that was on the flip side
44:38of what was known
44:39as a prosperous
44:40and socially liberating decade
44:42the 30s is such
44:46a divided decade
44:47and you see
44:48those contradictions
44:49being played out
44:50and it's no wonder
44:51we're now looking back
44:52to the 30s
44:53to try and understand
44:54more about our own situation
44:57and some of the threats
44:58that we're currently
45:00engaging with
45:01or facing
45:02we get this emotional
45:06vivid sense
45:07of life
45:08in the 1930s
45:10in all its human
45:11colourful glory
45:12suddenly there's this
45:14coming alive
45:15of sensation
45:16and putting the emotions
45:17back into history
45:18and putting the colour
45:19back into films
45:20is really very much
45:21the same experience
45:23it makes people
45:24seem closer to us
45:25it makes it easier
45:26for us to feel
45:26that they might have been
45:27feeling things
45:28that we can recognise
45:29we humans have history
45:31and history isn't something
45:33that's separate from us
45:35history is in us
45:36and we'll see you next time
45:38and we'll see you next time
45:39A CIDADE NO BRASIL
46:09A CIDADE NO BRASIL
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