100 Archaeological Discoveries You Won't Believe Are Real

KirTop Top 100

Ready to have your mind blown? Dive into 100 jaw-dropping archaeological discoveries – from 10-million-year-old teeth to cosmic statues, ancient chewing gum, and mysterious UFOs! History has never been this wild. Which discovery amazed you most? Hit subscribe for more epic adventures, and drop a comment sharing your favorite find! #history #archaeology #mystery #ancient #science  👉 This channel was created in collaboration with https://www.youtube.com/@kirtop-100samyh  0:00:00 - Ancient Human and Prehistoric Discoveries 0:01:32 - Major Archaeological Finds Across Civilizations 0:06:09 - Mysterious Ancient Constructions and Relics 0:12:17 - Controversial Artifacts and Cultural Mysteries 0:21:00 - Ancient Rituals, Mythology and Symbolism 0:29:47 - Lost Civilizations and Monumental Structures 0:43:04 - Unusual Burials, Rock Art, and Ancient Artifacts 0:58:37 - Legendary Archaeological Finds to Modern Discoveries  We're now available on Spotify! Listen now https://open.spotify.com/show/03446rMw7NEQKZvD764T3X

Transcript

00:00:00I'm Kurt Top, and these are 100 archaeological discoveries you won't believe.

00:00:09The oldest human tooth.

00:00:11Scientists have announced a sensational discovery in Germany.

00:00:15Ancient dental fossils estimated to be almost 10 million years old.

00:00:20And according to them, these do not fit into the established chronology of human history.

00:00:26What is truly shocking is that one of these fossils resembles the teeth of the earliest human ancestors.

00:00:32However, until now, such teeth have only been found in Africa, not in Europe.

00:00:37And even then, the existing series of fossils is millions of years younger.

00:00:42Discovered in September 2016 near the German city of Eppelsheim,

00:00:47the two well-preserved teeth are dated to about 9.7 million years ago.

00:00:52One of the teeth, the upper right first molar, is similar in characteristics to other specimens found in this area.

00:00:59But the other tooth, the upper left canine, is different.

00:01:02And researchers say that its outline and shape make it more similar to the teeth of hominin species,

00:01:08including Australopithecus afarensis.

00:01:10The problem is that Lucy is estimated to be only 3 million years old.

00:01:14And it is believed that the earliest ancestors of humanity began their migration from Africa to Europe and Asia about

00:01:21100,000 years ago.

00:01:23So the question is, who did these teeth belong to, since they were found in the wrong time and place?

00:01:28And how did they end up there?

00:01:3210,000 years ago, in what is now Sweden, a group of teenagers was chewing birch resin,

00:01:41just like modern kids chew gum.

00:01:44They couldn't have imagined that in the future, scientists would analyze the remnants of what they chewed

00:01:49and find out many interesting facts about their diet, lifestyle and even health.

00:01:54Three pieces of birch peach used in the Stone Age as glue were found in the 1990s at a place

00:02:01called Husebiclev.

00:02:02Analysis of microbial DNA in the resin showed a high level of bacteria associated with diseases,

00:02:08such as Streponema denticola and Streptococcus angenosus.

00:02:12The study of these samples showed that ancient teenagers suffered from cavities and periodontities.

00:02:18They also ate deer, trout, hussle nuts and processed fox and wolf fur.

00:02:23Scientists also found traces of birds and other animals, indicating their use for food and for processing bones into tools.

00:02:30In the samples found, traces of mistletoe were discovered.

00:02:33This suggests the possible use of this plant in medicine or as a poison for aero tips.

00:02:38This discovery provides a unique insight into the lives of hunter-gatherers on the west coast of Scandinavia 9,700

00:02:44years ago,

00:02:45allowing us to learn about their diet and dental problems.

00:02:49And here we're talking about a very old piece of chewing gum that children used to chew.

00:02:54And thanks to modern technology, we are already able to tell so much about the lifestyle of people who lived

00:02:5912,000 years ago.

00:03:08This statue, about 24 centimeters tall and weighing 10 kilograms, was made from a fragment of a meteorite.

00:03:15The artifact represents the image of the Buddhist god Vaishravana, who symbolizes protection and wealth.

00:03:21The origin of the statue was thoroughly studied by researchers.

00:03:24According to the analysis, it was determined that the material used for its creation was taken from the Chinga meteorite,

00:03:30which fell on the border of Mongolia and Siberia about 15,000 years ago.

00:03:34It is believed that the statue was created in the 11th century AD in the territory of Tibet.

00:03:40It's amazing how ancient craftsmen, without even suspecting the cosmic origin of the material,

00:03:45were able to skillfully shape it and turn it into a work of art.

00:03:48In 1938, the expedition of Ernst Schaefer, financed by Nazi Germany,

00:03:54discovered the statue in Tibet and brought it to Germany.

00:03:58Subsequently, its origin and material remained the subject of debate and mystery for a long time,

00:04:03until recent scientific research revealed its amazing story.

00:04:06Today, the Iron Man statue is not only a majestic work of art,

00:04:10but also a testament to the unique combination of nature and human craftsmanship.

00:04:16These ruins are older than the Egyptian pyramids.

00:04:20Archaeologists have found a mysterious complex from the New Stone Age near Prague,

00:04:24which turned out to be older than Stonehenge and the Egyptian pyramids.

00:04:28The discovered rondel, built about 7,000 years ago,

00:04:31might have served as a gathering place for local farmers.

00:04:34Its diameter is about 55 meters, which would allow the Leaning Tower of Pisa to fit inside.

00:04:40Miroslav Kraus, the head of the excavation, claims that the structure belonged to the stroked pottery culture,

00:04:46which existed between 4,900 and 4,400 B.C.

00:04:51The first mention of the Vinoz Circle appeared in the 1980s,

00:04:55when it was partially uncovered during the installation of utilities.

00:04:58Modern excavations made it possible to see it in its entirety,

00:05:02and uncovered clay pottery, animal bones and stone tools.

00:05:05Analysis of Organic Remains

00:05:07The analysis of organic remains will help to accurately determine the time of construction

00:05:11and possibly link it to the nearby Neolithic settlement.

00:05:14The study of the rondel shows that the culture of its builders spread throughout Central Europe,

00:05:20affecting the territories of modern Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic,

00:05:24where they lived in longhouses capable of accommodating up to 30 people,

00:05:28an underground oasis in Iran.

00:05:31In the arid landscapes of Iran lies the ancient underground city of Nushabad, also known as Uiyyi.

00:05:37This impressive three-story underground complex dates back to the time of the Sassanid Empire.

00:05:42The city was carved into the ground to protect against invasions

00:05:45and to provide a reliable shelter from the harsh climatic conditions of the region.

00:05:49Nushabad features a sophisticated ventilation system,

00:05:53water wells, various chambers for living and storage,

00:05:56as well as a labyrinth of interwoven tunnels that helped to mislead potential intruders.

00:06:02During the scorching summer months,

00:06:04the residents of Nushabad used the millennia-old sections of the city for storage and shelter.

00:06:09The Dead Sea Scrolls

00:06:11The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947 by Bedouins in the caves of Qumran,

00:06:17located on the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea,

00:06:20became one of the most significant archaeological events of the 20th century.

00:06:24These ancient texts, dated to the period between the 3rd century BC

00:06:28and the 1st century AD,

00:06:30shed light on many aspects of religious life,

00:06:32history and culture of the ancient Near East,

00:06:35as well as on the development of Biblical texts.

00:06:37The scrolls contain more than 800 documents,

00:06:40including copies of all the books of the Hebrew Bible,

00:06:43except for the Book of Esther,

00:06:44apocryphal works that are not included in the Biblical canon,

00:06:47and texts related to the rules and beliefs of a Jewish sect,

00:06:51probably the Essenes,

00:06:52who lived in Qumran.

00:06:54The discovery became a sensation,

00:06:56because these texts are a thousand years older than any previously known copies of the Bible,

00:07:01providing a unique opportunity to study the development of the Biblical text

00:07:04and the religious views of that time.

00:07:07The Palm of Possibility?

00:07:09In 1938, an amazing discovery was made in India!

00:07:13Ancient Palm Leaf Scrolls?

00:07:15Containing extensive knowledge about medicine, astronomy and other sciences.

00:07:19These scrolls are over 4,000 years old,

00:07:22making them one of the oldest libraries in the world.

00:07:25The contents of the scrolls are striking in their diversity,

00:07:28ranging from medical treatises describing the treatment of various diseases

00:07:31to astronomical records detailing the movements of planets and stars.

00:07:35These scrolls represent an invaluable cultural heritage,

00:07:39opening a window into the world of ancient knowledge and practices.

00:07:43They confirm the high level of development of science and medicine in ancient India.

00:07:47The technique of their creation and preservation is of particular interest.

00:07:52Palm leaves, carefully processed and inscribed,

00:07:55could store information for millennia.

00:07:58Satellite Data

00:07:59Modern satellite images,

00:08:01available through various internet platforms such as Google Earth,

00:08:05show possible entrances to underground bases in Antarctica.

00:08:09One such example is images showing strange holes in the ice sheet

00:08:13that resemble artificial structures.

00:08:17Satellite images have also been discovered on South Georgia Island,

00:08:21which, according to some researchers,

00:08:23indicate a possible UFO crash.

00:08:25One such image was found on Google Earth

00:08:28and shows an object resembling a crashed spacecraft.

00:08:32The image sparked interest among ufologists and internet researchers

00:08:36who suggested that it could be debris of extraterrestrial origin.

00:08:41Some of these objects have unusual shapes and sizes

00:08:44that are difficult to explain by natural processes.

00:08:48The alleged UFO on South Georgia Island

00:08:50is often compared to the interstellar object Oumuamua,

00:08:54which attracted the attention of scientists in 2017.

00:08:58Oumuamua, discovered as the first known interstellar object

00:09:01passing through the solar system,

00:09:03has an unusual shape and trajectory

00:09:05that does not match the characteristics of various asteroids or comets.

00:09:09This has led to hypotheses

00:09:10that it could be an alien probe or spacecraft.

00:09:15A Bronze Age wooden well,

00:09:17archaeologists recently discovered a well-preserved Bronze Age wooden well

00:09:22in Oxfordshire, England.

00:09:24The well was found during the construction of the Benson Relief Road.

00:09:28John Butroyd, the senior project manager,

00:09:31said that they expected to find an ordinary pit,

00:09:33but instead they came across a preserved wooden post

00:09:36driven vertically into the ground nearby.

00:09:38Further excavations show that the posts were part of a wooden well.

00:09:42The damp soil contributed to the excellent preservation of the wood.

00:09:46The archaeologists documented the structure digitally

00:09:49and carefully dismantled it for transport to the Oxfordshire Museum service.

00:09:54Wood samples were sent for analysis to determine their type.

00:09:58In addition to the well,

00:09:59archaeologists found flint,

00:10:00animal bones,

00:10:01and fragments of pottery,

00:10:03indicating the well was used for storage and waste disposal.

00:10:06Despite the challenging conditions,

00:10:08the team successfully recorded the well.

00:10:10Soil samples will help create a more complete picture

00:10:13of the surrounding landscape and the scale of the settlement.

00:10:16The oldest known human viruses.

00:10:19Researchers from the Federal University of Sao Paulo

00:10:22discovered the oldest viruses in Neanderthal bones,

00:10:26which are over 50,000 years old.

00:10:29Two Neanderthals,

00:10:30whose remains were found in a cave in Russia,

00:10:32underwent DNA testing.

00:10:33The results show traces of papilloma virus,

00:10:36which is sexually transmitted,

00:10:38and the virus that causes the common cold,

00:10:41as well as other viruses.

00:10:43Both Neanderthals were male.

00:10:45Experts have long suspected

00:10:46that viruses could have contributed

00:10:48to the extinction of Neanderthals.

00:10:50This discovery may confirm that theory.

00:10:53A study suggests that Neanderthals may have been infected

00:10:56with the same viruses as modern humans.

00:10:58It has also been proven

00:11:00that fragments of viral genomes

00:11:01can be identified in archaeological samples.

00:11:04Etenoviruses can cause various diseases,

00:11:06from the common cold to acute gastroenteritis.

00:11:10Papilloma viruses are known

00:11:11for their association with cervical cancer.

00:11:14The team that made this discovery

00:11:15plans to synthesize these viruses,

00:11:17like in Jurassic Park,

00:11:19to compare them with their modern counterparts.

00:11:21The remains were found in the Chagarskaya cave

00:11:23in the Altai Mountains in Siberia.

00:11:25They belong to a group of nine people,

00:11:27found in 2022,

00:11:29who were relatives.

00:11:31Researchers were able to sequence

00:11:33the Neanderthal genome,

00:11:34and found that the viral traces

00:11:36did not come from animals or modern humans.

00:11:39Archaeologists emphasize that viruses

00:11:41were not the only reason

00:11:42for the extinction of Neanderthals,

00:11:44but they may have played a role in this process.

00:11:47Bosnian pyramids,

00:11:49mysterious structures,

00:11:50have been discovered in Bosnia,

00:11:52which, according to some researchers,

00:11:55could be ancient structures

00:11:56about 12,000 years old.

00:11:58These massive formations

00:12:00first attracted the attention

00:12:01of archaeologists and enthusiasts

00:12:03in the early 2000s,

00:12:05when Bosnian archaeologist and businessman

00:12:08Simir Osmanagic pointed them out.

00:12:10He claims that the pyramids

00:12:11were created by an ancient civilization,

00:12:13and that they are much older

00:12:14than the well-known pyramids in Egypt.

00:12:16The complex consists

00:12:17of several pyramidal structures,

00:12:19including the Pyramid of the Sunday,

00:12:21the Pyramid of the Moon,

00:12:22and the Pyramid of the Dragon.

00:12:23A pyramid of the Sunday is the largest

00:12:26and reaches a height of about 220 meters,

00:12:29making it one of the tallest pyramids

00:12:30in the world.

00:12:31Osmanagic and his team

00:12:32conducted numerous studies,

00:12:34including ground-penetrating radar scans

00:12:36and excavations.

00:12:37They claim to have discovered traces

00:12:39of ancient tunnels and stone blocks,

00:12:41indicating the pyramids are man-made.

00:12:44However, not all scientists agree

00:12:46with this point of view.

00:12:48Many geologists and archaeologists

00:12:50claim that these structures

00:12:52are natural formations

00:12:53created by geological processes.

00:12:57They point out that

00:12:58the geological structure of the region

00:13:00and the shape of the pyramids

00:13:01can be explained by natural forces

00:13:03such as erosion and tectonic movements.

00:13:06They remain one of the most mysterious

00:13:08and debated discoveries

00:13:10in modern archaeology.

00:13:12The Mystery of the Japanese Figurines

00:13:15There is an air of mystique

00:13:17surrounding ancient Japanese art,

00:13:19especially among Western scholars.

00:13:21What do the small, alien-like,

00:13:23charming clay Dogu figurines

00:13:25dating from the prehistoric Joman period mean?

00:13:29Why do Dogus share such similar features

00:13:32despite the diversity of artisans and regents?

00:13:34And how can we make sense of works

00:13:36created by people

00:13:37with whom we have no way to communicate?

00:13:39They have been discovered

00:13:41mainly in the western part of Japan

00:13:43since the 17th century

00:13:45and have a unique appearance

00:13:46to modern people.

00:13:48They may look like aliens

00:13:50because of their bulging eyes

00:13:52and exaggerated proportions.

00:13:54But it is assumed

00:13:55that they depict humanoid,

00:13:57probably female figures

00:13:58with wide hips

00:13:59and feminine breasts.

00:14:01Archaeologists and cultural experts

00:14:03are still not sure

00:14:04about the exact purpose

00:14:05of Dogu in ancient society.

00:14:07There is a theory

00:14:08that the figurines

00:14:09served as an aid in childbirth

00:14:10or a symbol of fertility.

00:14:12Such similarities

00:14:13between Dogu

00:14:14and fertility figurines

00:14:15from other cultures

00:14:16suggest that they probably symbolize

00:14:18the pregnant female body.

00:14:20The Joman period

00:14:21covers a vast span of time

00:14:23and includes various stages

00:14:25from early to late,

00:14:26each characterized

00:14:27by its own unique features.

00:14:30In the making of pottery

00:14:31and the use of Dogu

00:14:32for shamanistic

00:14:33or ritual purposes,

00:14:35in modern Japan,

00:14:36Dogu have gained new life,

00:14:37becoming icons in video games

00:14:39and pop culture,

00:14:40demonstrating their influence

00:14:42far beyond the historical Joman period

00:14:44and expanding their presence

00:14:46in the modern world

00:14:47where they are embodied

00:14:48in various artistic

00:14:50and cultural forms.

00:14:52The Gobi Astronaut

00:14:53In 1834,

00:14:55in the Gobi Desert

00:14:56in Mongolia,

00:14:57the famous English explorer

00:14:59and cartographer

00:15:00Charles Edwin

00:15:01discovered a mysterious cave

00:15:02in a rock.

00:15:03Inside the cave

00:15:04was a skeleton.

00:15:05A skeleton

00:15:06of unusually large size,

00:15:07almost 5 meters long,

00:15:09with a proportionally enlarged skull

00:15:11and curved ribs.

00:15:12Next to the skeleton

00:15:13were metal objects,

00:15:14heavily distorted by corrosion.

00:15:17But one object

00:15:18attracted the scientist's attention.

00:15:19A stone slab

00:15:20with a map of the starry sky

00:15:22and markings

00:15:22that did not correspond

00:15:23to any known star systems.

00:15:25According to Edwin,

00:15:27the slab

00:15:27is not just an artifact,

00:15:29but a tool for navigation

00:15:31or part of an ancient

00:15:32astronomical device.

00:15:34Interestingly,

00:15:35studies have shown

00:15:35that the material of the slab

00:15:36contains rare earth elements

00:15:38that are not typical

00:15:39for the region

00:15:40where the cave was found.

00:15:41This has led to speculation

00:15:43about the possible

00:15:44extraterrestrial origin

00:15:45of both the slab itself

00:15:46and the creature

00:15:47whose remains

00:15:48were found nearby.

00:15:49Further study

00:15:50of the stone slab

00:15:51revealed that

00:15:52the cartographic markings

00:15:53on it

00:15:53might have been used

00:15:54for navigation

00:15:55in outer space,

00:15:57suggesting that

00:15:58the creature might have been

00:15:59a pilot or explorer

00:16:00from a distant star system.

00:16:03Scientists suggested

00:16:04that the creature's death

00:16:05might have resulted

00:16:05from the crash of its ship,

00:16:07parts of which

00:16:07could have been scattered

00:16:08across the desert

00:16:09and buried under layers

00:16:10of sand for centuries.

00:16:11This discovery

00:16:13remained little known

00:16:14due to political

00:16:15and scientific disputes

00:16:16about the origin

00:16:17and significance

00:16:18of the artifacts found.

00:16:20However,

00:16:20it continues to spark debates

00:16:22among scientists

00:16:23and adventurers

00:16:23who seek to uncover

00:16:25the mysteries

00:16:25of ancient civilizations.

00:16:28dinosaur tracks

00:16:29and rock paintings

00:16:30and unusual discovery

00:16:32in northeastern Brazil

00:16:35where a unique coexistence

00:16:37of dinosaur tracks

00:16:38and ancient petroglyphs

00:16:39was found

00:16:40in the state of Paraíba

00:16:41in the area

00:16:42of Cerro de do Letreiro

00:16:43researchers discovered

00:16:44fossilized theropod footprints

00:16:46sauropods

00:16:47and iguanodons

00:16:48from the early Cretaceous period

00:16:50as well as

00:16:51pre-colonial rock paintings.

00:16:53This unique place

00:16:54combines ancient traces

00:16:56and art

00:16:56creating a symbolic connection

00:16:58between painting

00:16:59and fossils.

00:17:00Previously,

00:17:01petroglyphs were also found

00:17:03near dinosaur tracks

00:17:04but not in such

00:17:05close interaction.

00:17:06Researchers believe

00:17:08that ancient artists

00:17:09deliberately chose places

00:17:10near ancient tracks

00:17:11for their drawings.

00:17:13This highlights

00:17:14a deep perception

00:17:15of the connection

00:17:15between art

00:17:16and natural phenomena.

00:17:17Petroglyphs

00:17:18which previously received

00:17:19less attention

00:17:20are now being studied

00:17:21together with ancient tracks.

00:17:23the rock paintings depict circular figures

00:17:26with radial lines

00:17:27and other geometric motifs

00:17:28the meaning of which

00:17:30remains a mystery for now.

00:17:31Among the drawings

00:17:33there are images resembling nets,

00:17:35stars and snakes

00:17:36indicating a diversity of styles

00:17:38and possibly

00:17:39the presence of several authors.

00:17:42The Gates of Pluto

00:17:43In 2013

00:17:45an amazing discovery

00:17:46was made in Turkey

00:17:48an ancient sanctuary

00:17:50also known as

00:17:51the Gate to Hell.

00:17:52This mystical place

00:17:53attracted the attention

00:17:55of archaeologists

00:17:56with its deadly vapors

00:17:57that kill any animals

00:17:58that come near them.

00:18:00The discovery was made

00:18:01in the ancient city

00:18:02of Hierapolis

00:18:03located in what is now

00:18:04Denizli province.

00:18:05The Gates of Pluto

00:18:06were dedicated to the

00:18:08ancient Roman god

00:18:09of the underworld, Pluto.

00:18:10They are essentially a cave

00:18:12from which

00:18:12poisonous gases emanated.

00:18:14These vapors

00:18:15contain a high concentration

00:18:16of carbon dioxide

00:18:17making the air

00:18:19deadly for any living creatures.

00:18:21The priests

00:18:21of the ancient sanctuary

00:18:22demonstrated the power

00:18:23of the gods

00:18:24by bringing animals

00:18:25to the Gates

00:18:26where they would instantly

00:18:27die from the poisonous gas.

00:18:29Archaeologists have determined

00:18:30that high concentrations

00:18:31of carbon dioxide

00:18:32were coming from

00:18:33deep fissures

00:18:34in the ground

00:18:34beneath the sanctuary.

00:18:35The gas reaches the surface

00:18:37and accumulates in the cave

00:18:38creating a deadly atmosphere.

00:18:40This natural phenomenon

00:18:41was known even

00:18:42to the ancient Romans

00:18:43and was used

00:18:43for ritual purposes.

00:18:45The discovery

00:18:45of the Gates of Pluto

00:18:46not only reveals

00:18:47the secrets

00:18:48of the ancient sanctuary

00:18:49but also demonstrates

00:18:50how natural phenomena

00:18:52could be used

00:18:52in religious rituals

00:18:53of antiquity.

00:18:55The Aluminum Wedge

00:18:57The AIUD Aluminum Wedge

00:18:59also known as

00:19:00the AIUD Object

00:19:01is one of the most

00:19:02mysterious and controversial

00:19:04discoveries of our time.

00:19:06According to various sources

00:19:07it was discovered in 1973

00:19:09in Romania

00:19:10on the bank of the Mures River

00:19:12under a layer of sand

00:19:13about 10 meters deep

00:19:14next to the bones

00:19:16of a mastodon.

00:19:17The main reason

00:19:18for the conspiracy theories

00:19:19surrounding the AIUD Aluminum Wedge

00:19:22is that it is made of Aluminum,

00:19:24a material unknown to humanity

00:19:26until the 1800s

00:19:27whereas it is assumed

00:19:28that the wedge

00:19:29is about 10,000 years old.

00:19:32The composition of the wedge

00:19:33includes 89% Aluminum,

00:19:366.2% Copper,

00:19:381.8% Zinc

00:19:39and other elements.

00:19:41The production of Aluminum

00:19:42requires a temperature

00:19:43of 1000 degrees

00:19:44and mass production

00:19:45only began in 1885.

00:19:47The wedge is covered

00:19:48with a thick layer of oxide,

00:19:50the age of which

00:19:51is estimated to be

00:19:52300-400 years

00:19:53after its discovery,

00:19:54the object was handed over

00:19:55to the Cluj-Napoca

00:19:56Archaeological Institute

00:19:58for research.

00:19:59However,

00:19:59the dating method

00:20:00is not specified.

00:20:01The basis for the theory

00:20:02of the wedge's

00:20:03extraterrestrial origin

00:20:04is its Aluminum composition.

00:20:06Romanian ufologist

00:20:07Florin Georgita

00:20:08and other researchers

00:20:09consider the wedge

00:20:10to be evidence

00:20:10of extraterrestrial activity

00:20:12in the past.

00:20:13However,

00:20:14there are also scientists

00:20:15who believe

00:20:15the find is a forgery

00:20:17with its purpose

00:20:18and origin remaining unclear.

00:20:19Since 1995,

00:20:21the AIUD wedge

00:20:22has not been publicly displayed

00:20:24and is kept

00:20:25in an unknown location

00:20:26although there are

00:20:27photographs

00:20:28confirming its existence.

00:20:31Egyptian crocodile armor

00:20:33The Egyptian crocodile armor

00:20:36is truly a unique find.

00:20:38It was made from crocodile skin

00:20:40and was used in religious rituals

00:20:42in ancient Egypt.

00:20:43During the time of the pharaohs,

00:20:44crocodiles were considered

00:20:46sacred animals

00:20:47and symbolized strength and power.

00:20:49The god Sobek,

00:20:50often depicted as a man

00:20:51with the head of a crocodile,

00:20:53was one of the most important deities

00:20:54in Egyptian mythology.

00:20:56He was often associated

00:20:57with the power of the pharaohs

00:20:58as well as with protection

00:20:59and fertility.

00:21:01Armor made from crocodile skin

00:21:03was presumably used by priests

00:21:05during religious ceremonies

00:21:06in honor of Sobek.

00:21:08Crocodile skin, in turn,

00:21:09was considered a powerful amulet

00:21:11that protected against enemies

00:21:12and evil spirits.

00:21:14The oldest bread in the world!

00:21:16During excavations two years ago

00:21:18in the famous ancient Anatolian city

00:21:20of Çatalhöyük,

00:21:22archaeologists discovered

00:21:23a large structure

00:21:24which was used as a communal oven.

00:21:26Traces of plant and food remains

00:21:28were also found,

00:21:29including an unusual porous residue

00:21:31with an interesting texture.

00:21:33Research has shown

00:21:35that this strange substance

00:21:36is actually the remains

00:21:37of fermented bread

00:21:38which, according to radiocarbon analysis,

00:21:41was made around 6600 BC.

00:21:45It can be said with confidence

00:21:46that this phaine in Çatalhöyük

00:21:48is the oldest bread in the world.

00:21:50Researchers were able to determine

00:21:52that this was an ordinary

00:21:53small loaf of bread

00:21:55and, incredibly,

00:21:56it was regularly consumed

00:21:57by a significant portion

00:21:59of the 70,000 people.

00:22:00The bread weighed just a few grams.

00:22:03Interestingly,

00:22:04the bread was actually not baked

00:22:05in the large oven

00:22:06where it was found.

00:22:08Technically speaking,

00:22:09claiming that the discovered bread

00:22:10is the oldest in the world

00:22:12is incorrect.

00:22:14A few years ago,

00:22:16archaeologists discovered remains

00:22:17identified as flatbread

00:22:19at the 14,000-year-old

00:22:20hunter-gatherer site in Jordan

00:22:22known as Chewbacca.

00:22:24And recently,

00:22:24there was a report

00:22:26about 34,000-year-old bread

00:22:29in Australia.

00:22:30But the new discovery

00:22:31is the oldest form

00:22:32of leavened bread ever found,

00:22:34which gives the Çatalhöyük artifact

00:22:36particular significance.

00:22:38Worth its weight in gold

00:22:41Recently,

00:22:42Mexican scientists invested

00:22:439.5 million pesos

00:22:45in acquiring three unique documents

00:22:47from the late 16th century.

00:22:49This investment opened

00:22:50a new chapter in history,

00:22:51providing valuable information

00:22:53about the period

00:22:54when the Spanish arrived

00:22:55in the lands of modern Mexico.

00:22:57These are the codices

00:22:58of San Andreas,

00:22:59compiled at the turn

00:23:01of the 16th and 17th centuries.

00:23:03They vividly illustrate

00:23:05the events of that time,

00:23:06including the era

00:23:07of the rule of Itzcotl,

00:23:09the fourth ruler of Tenochtitlan,

00:23:11and founder of the Aztec Empire,

00:23:12and the arrival of Hernán Cortés.

00:23:15These rare codices

00:23:16were purchased

00:23:17for the National Library

00:23:18of Anthropology and History,

00:23:19thanks to the efforts and support

00:23:21of individuals and organizations.

00:23:23A payment of 9.5 million pesos

00:23:26made it possible to return them

00:23:27from private hands

00:23:28to public ownership.

00:23:30Analysis showed that the codices

00:23:32were made from amate,

00:23:33a traditional bark paper,

00:23:35using natural dyes,

00:23:36which highlights

00:23:37the high craftsmanship

00:23:38of their creators.

00:23:39The authenticity of the documents

00:23:41was confirmed

00:23:42thanks to joint work

00:23:43with experts

00:23:44from various scientific institutions.

00:23:46The San Andres de Tepilco codices

00:23:48stand out among other artifacts

00:23:50due to their unique combination

00:23:52of indigenous traditions

00:23:53and European influence.

00:23:55They contain texts

00:23:56in Nahuatl and Spanish,

00:23:58written in the Latin alphabet.

00:23:59This treasure provides

00:24:00an opportunity to delve deeper

00:24:02into the study and understanding

00:24:04of a key period

00:24:05in the region's history.

00:24:07A 270 million year old skull

00:24:10in the collection

00:24:11of the National Museum of Natural History

00:24:13at the Smithsonian Institution,

00:24:15a fossilized skull was discovered,

00:24:18a belonging to an ancient ancestor

00:24:19of amphibians.

00:24:20Its estimated age

00:24:22is 270 million years.

00:24:24Scientists described the skull

00:24:26as a new species

00:24:27of proto-amphibian,

00:24:28named Kermitopus gratus

00:24:30in honor of the famous

00:24:31Muppet frog Kermit.

00:24:33One of the students

00:24:34at George Washington University

00:24:35emphasized the importance

00:24:36of using popular names

00:24:37to draw attention

00:24:38to scientific discoveries.

00:24:40He noted that the name Kermit

00:24:42is perfect for describing

00:24:43an ancient amphibian,

00:24:45linking it to modern representatives

00:24:46of this class of animals.

00:24:48The skull was found

00:24:50by paleontologist

00:24:51Nicholas Houghton

00:24:52during field research in Texas

00:24:54in an area known as the Red Beds.

00:24:56This area,

00:24:57dating back to the early Permian period,

00:25:00contains many fossils,

00:25:01including remains

00:25:02of ancient reptiles and amphibians.

00:25:04After its discovery in 1984,

00:25:07the skull remained in museum collections

00:25:09for decades

00:25:10until it was studied by Arjan Man,

00:25:12who singled it out

00:25:13from other specimens

00:25:14for detailed examination.

00:25:16The joint efforts of researchers

00:25:18helped establish

00:25:19that the discovered skull

00:25:20belongs to a new genus

00:25:21of ancient amphibians.

00:25:23A tomb with unique frescoes.

00:25:26A small Tang Dynasty tomb

00:25:28in northern China,

00:25:30amazing frescoes depicting

00:25:31everyday life in the 8th century

00:25:33were discovered.

00:25:34The frescoes,

00:25:35dated to the year 736,

00:25:37cover all the walls of the tomb

00:25:39except the floor

00:25:40and depict scenes of life

00:25:41during the Tang Dynasty.

00:25:42The tomb belonged to a man

00:25:44who died at the age of 63.

00:25:46The paintings are done

00:25:47in the Tang Dynasty style,

00:25:49using strong outlines

00:25:50and simple shading

00:25:51and mostly appear two-dimensional.

00:25:53This style,

00:25:54called Figures Under the Tree,

00:25:55was popular in Taiyuan,

00:25:56the capital of Shanxi province.

00:25:58The frescoes also decorate the gates,

00:26:00corridor,

00:26:00and pedestal of the tomb.

00:26:02On the outside of the gates,

00:26:04guards are depicted.

00:26:05The frescoes do not portray

00:26:07well-known historical periods

00:26:08or important figures.

00:26:10In one scene,

00:26:11people are performing

00:26:12everyday tasks,

00:26:13such as grinding grain

00:26:14or drawing water from a well.

00:26:16In another,

00:26:17a woman with horses

00:26:18and a man with a whip

00:26:19are depicted,

00:26:20presumably,

00:26:21from the Nyan ethnic group.

00:26:23The figures in the frescoes

00:26:25resemble the same man and woman,

00:26:26which leads archeologists

00:26:28to believe

00:26:28that they were the owners

00:26:30of the tomb.

00:26:31Amulet from space,

00:26:33Turkish archeologists

00:26:34have discovered

00:26:35a 4,700-year-old amulet

00:26:37made of meteoritic iron.

00:26:40This artifact,

00:26:41found in an early Bronze Age burial

00:26:43in Asia Minor,

00:26:44is considered the oldest such find

00:26:46in the region

00:26:47whose date has been established precisely.

00:26:49The amulet was discovered

00:26:50in the Kesik Kesik Surf Cemetery,

00:26:52located in southwestern Turkey.

00:26:54The item was lying in a pythos,

00:26:57a large clay vessel used for burial.

00:26:59To date,

00:27:00the earliest recognized artifacts

00:27:02made from meteoritic iron

00:27:03are beads from Egypt,

00:27:05found near the settlement of El-Gurze

00:27:06and dated to 3,300 BC.

00:27:09Finds are also known

00:27:10from the Orenburg region in Russia,

00:27:12where archeologists discovered

00:27:14a knife,

00:27:15a chisel

00:27:15and an adz plane

00:27:16in a Yamnaya culture corgon,

00:27:18dating to 2,700 BC.

00:27:21During excavations at Kesik Kesik Surf,

00:27:24in addition to the amulet,

00:27:25burials with rich grave goods

00:27:27were found, indicating the high status

00:27:29of the deceased.

00:27:30And this is confirmed

00:27:31that the iron of the amulet

00:27:32is indeed of meteoritic origin,

00:27:34which further increases

00:27:36its historical and scientific value.

00:27:39Iron Spheres at the Bottom of the Ocean

00:27:42The German research vessel zone

00:27:44set out into the waters of the Atlantic

00:27:46in search of marine creatures

00:27:47between South America and Africa,

00:27:49but stumbled upon something completely different.

00:27:52In the ocean floor,

00:27:54they discovered dozens,

00:27:55hundreds,

00:27:56thousands of metal spheres,

00:27:58each the size of a bowling ball.

00:27:59It was the largest deposit of manganese nodules

00:28:02ever found in the Atlantic Ocean.

00:28:05Manganese nodules,

00:28:06which often look like pancakes,

00:28:08can be found in every ocean,

00:28:09but the largest ones

00:28:10are usually found in the Pacific.

00:28:12These nodules in the Atlantic were special.

00:28:15They were round,

00:28:16which is completely unusual.

00:28:17Scientists believe that these spheres

00:28:19formed over millions of years,

00:28:21growing by a centimeter

00:28:22every million years,

00:28:24the largest of them,

00:28:25which are 10 million years old,

00:28:27lie at a depth of 5,500 meters.

00:28:31The sarcophagus of Lord Pakal

00:28:33Lord Pakal, also known as Pakal the Great,

00:28:36was the ruler of the city of Palenque

00:28:37in the Maya civilization.

00:28:39He ruled from 615 to 683 AD

00:28:42and is known for his significant contributions

00:28:45to the development of the city and its culture.

00:28:48Pakal the Great left behind

00:28:49many architectural achievements,

00:28:51including the Temple of the Inscriptions,

00:28:53where his sarcophagus was discovered.

00:28:55The lid of Lord Pakal's sarcophagus

00:28:57is decorated with intricate images

00:28:59that have sparked many interpretations and debates.

00:29:01It depicts Pakal sitting in an unusual pose,

00:29:03surrounded by symbols and hieroglyphs.

00:29:05His position and surroundings

00:29:07have given rise to various interpretations,

00:29:09including theories about contact

00:29:11with extraterrestrial civilizations.

00:29:13Erich von Deniken,

00:29:15a proponent of the ancient astronaut theory,

00:29:17interprets the image on the sarcophagus lid

00:29:19as evidence of contact

00:29:20between the Maya and extraterrestrials.

00:29:23He claims that Pakal is depicted

00:29:24in the position of a spaceship pilot

00:29:26with his hands, feet and back

00:29:28supposedly operating some kind of device.

00:29:31According to Deniken,

00:29:32this suggests that Pakal

00:29:33might have been connected

00:29:34to extraterrestrial technology.

00:29:37Archaeologists and historians

00:29:38suggest alternative explanations.

00:29:40They believe that the image on the sarcophagus

00:29:42symbolizes Pakal's journey to the afterlife

00:29:45and his connection with the Maya deities.

00:29:47In their opinion,

00:29:48Pakal's pose represents him

00:29:50as a mediator between the earthly world

00:29:52and the spirit world,

00:29:53not as a spaceship pilot.

00:29:55Could Lord Pakal really have been an alien?

00:29:57This hypothesis remains highly controversial

00:30:00and lacks scientific evidence.

00:30:02Despite the interesting interpretations

00:30:03proposed by Deniken,

00:30:05most scientists tend to consider

00:30:06these theories as fantastical

00:30:08and not based on real data.

00:30:10Other artifacts found in Palenque

00:30:12and other Maya cities

00:30:13support traditional interpretations.

00:30:15For example,

00:30:17numerous inscriptions and images

00:30:18depict scenes from Maya life,

00:30:20their religious rituals

00:30:22and mythological beliefs.

00:30:23These findings confirm

00:30:25that Pakal and his sarcophagus

00:30:26were part of the cultural

00:30:28and religious context of the Maya

00:30:29and not evidence

00:30:30of extraterrestrial contacts.

00:30:33Shiva Linga

00:30:34In the city of Circe in India,

00:30:36there is a unique pilgrimage site

00:30:38called Sahasra Linga.

00:30:40Here, among the natural beauty

00:30:42are stone images of Shiva Linga

00:30:44which are especially striking

00:30:46during the Maha Shivaratri festival.

00:30:48At this time,

00:30:49the water level in the Alpo river drops

00:30:51making the sculptures visible

00:30:52and attracting thousands of pilgrims

00:30:54and tourists

00:30:55who wish to see and worship

00:30:56the sacred lingams.

00:30:58Shiva Linga is a symbol of Shiva,

00:31:00one of the main deities in Hinduism

00:31:02representing the source of creation

00:31:04and destruction.

00:31:05Interestingly,

00:31:06there are not only religious

00:31:07but also scientific debates

00:31:09surrounding the Shiva Linga.

00:31:10Some proponents

00:31:12of the ancient astronaut theory

00:31:14claim that the Shiva Linga

00:31:15could represent

00:31:16a powerful technological device

00:31:18similar in function

00:31:19to a modern nuclear reactor.

00:31:21Based on the shape

00:31:22and properties of the Linga,

00:31:23this suggests that ancient people

00:31:25might have used advanced technologies.

00:31:28On the other hand,

00:31:29modern scientists may interpret

00:31:31the Shiva Linga

00:31:32as a symbol of atomic energy

00:31:34which also has the potential

00:31:35for both great benefit

00:31:37and destruction.

00:31:38This analogy highlights

00:31:40the dual nature of Shiva

00:31:41who in Hindu tradition

00:31:42is both a creator

00:31:44and a destroyer

00:31:45at the same time.

00:31:47A mysterious accessory

00:31:48from the future.

00:31:50Archaeologists have discovered

00:31:51wall carvings

00:31:52depicting objects

00:31:53that resemble modern handbags.

00:31:55Some of these images

00:31:57are about 12,000 years old.

00:31:59The earliest ones

00:32:00were found in Turkey

00:32:01in the ruins of the megalithic temple

00:32:03Gobekli Tepe

00:32:04where strange images

00:32:05are engraved on the columns

00:32:06of the ancient temple.

00:32:07Similar motifs

00:32:08have been found in Mexico,

00:32:10Iraq and South America

00:32:11which raises many questions

00:32:13about the possible use

00:32:14of such objects

00:32:14by ancient civilizations.

00:32:16Although the images

00:32:17resemble a purse or a clutch,

00:32:19experts believe

00:32:20that the ancient ruins

00:32:22actually depict baskets.

00:32:24Some believe

00:32:24that the concept of a handbag

00:32:26could have been invented

00:32:27by ancient civilizations.

00:32:28The first modern handbag

00:32:30appeared in 1841 in England

00:32:33created by Samuel Parkinson.

00:32:35The problem is

00:32:36that the Gobekli Tepe temple

00:32:38was built in 9,000 BC

00:32:39and its builders

00:32:40were unlikely to know

00:32:41about such an accessory.

00:32:42Another ancient example

00:32:44of a handbag

00:32:44was found in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs

00:32:47written about 5,000 years ago

00:32:49where the gods are holding

00:32:51a small square object

00:32:52symbolizing prosperity.

00:32:54Archaeologists have indeed

00:32:55found remnants of baskets

00:32:57and tool bags used

00:32:58by the ancient Egyptians

00:32:59but they still cannot say for sure

00:33:01what is depicted in the hieroglyphs.

00:33:03Similar discoveries

00:33:04were made in Iraq

00:33:05among the ruins

00:33:06of a Syrian palace

00:33:07built between 883 and 859 BC

00:33:11where a winged djinn is depicted

00:33:14holding an object in his hands

00:33:16that looks like a handbag.

00:33:17Historian David Miano

00:33:18believes that these figures

00:33:20called Apkalu

00:33:21were minor deities

00:33:22who carried buckets for water

00:33:23and sacred date palms

00:33:25not handbags.

00:33:26Ancient buckets

00:33:27similar to the engravings

00:33:28have indeed been found in Iraq.

00:33:30Similar motifs

00:33:31have also been discovered

00:33:33in Mexico

00:33:33among the Toltec ruins

00:33:35where giant statues

00:33:36hold objects resembling handbags.

00:33:38These statues were created

00:33:40around 750 AD.

00:33:42A subglacial lake in Antarctica

00:33:45A Chinese expedition

00:33:47is planning unique research

00:33:48at the Chilin subglacial lake

00:33:50in Antarctica

00:33:50which was discovered in 2022

00:33:53and is hidden under 3600 meters of ice.

00:33:57The lake

00:33:57with an area of 370 square kilometers

00:34:00and a depth of up to 200 meters

00:34:02may have been cut off

00:34:04from the outside world

00:34:05for 3 million years

00:34:06which makes it a potential home

00:34:08for unknown forms of life

00:34:09adapted to extreme conditions.

00:34:12Researchers hope

00:34:13that penetrating its depth

00:34:14will reveal the secrets

00:34:15of an ancient ecosystem

00:34:16and provide new data

00:34:18about Earth's climatic past.

00:34:19However, the task requires

00:34:22the development

00:34:22of advanced technologies

00:34:23for clean drilling

00:34:24and sample collection

00:34:25to avoid contaminating

00:34:26the unique environment.

00:34:28There is no start date

00:34:29for the expedition yet

00:34:30as scientists are intensifying

00:34:32technological preparations

00:34:33for this ambitious project

00:34:35which aims to explore

00:34:36previously unseen corners

00:34:38of our planet

00:34:39and understand

00:34:40how life can survive

00:34:41in the harshest conditions.

00:34:43Leather shoes from the tomb?

00:34:46Chinese archaeologists

00:34:48are restoring

00:34:491400 year old leather shoes

00:34:51found in the Astana tombs

00:34:53in the capital

00:34:54of the ancient kingdom of Gauchang.

00:34:56German experts

00:34:57are helping with the restoration.

00:34:59Finding such old leather

00:35:00or textiles is rare

00:35:01as they quickly decompose

00:35:03when exposed to air.

00:35:04The shoes,

00:35:05taken from the archive of items

00:35:07excavated since the 1950s,

00:35:09are 24 cm long

00:35:11and consist of upper,

00:35:12shaft and sole parts

00:35:14sewn from goat leather

00:35:15with animal tendons.

00:35:17Archaeologists

00:35:18have been studying the tombs

00:35:19for over a century.

00:35:20Since the 1950s,

00:35:22456 tombs

00:35:24have been studied

00:35:25in 14 excavations

00:35:26which have yielded

00:35:27about 10,000 valuable relics.

00:35:29The hot and dry climate

00:35:31has preserved many items

00:35:32that would have otherwise decayed

00:35:34including 300 leather artifacts.

00:35:36Ancient shoes have also been found

00:35:38at other archaeological sites

00:35:40around the world.

00:35:41For example,

00:35:41hundreds of shoes

00:35:42or moccasins

00:35:43were found in a cave in Utah

00:35:44that was inhabited

00:35:45about 850 years ago.

00:35:47On the shore of the Great Salt Lake,

00:35:50207 moccasins

00:35:51made from animal hides

00:35:52were found.

00:35:53Most of them children

00:35:54The soles of the shoes

00:35:55were made from a single piece

00:35:56of bison leather

00:35:57lined with fur

00:35:58and sewn at the heel,

00:36:00which is characteristic

00:36:01of the Canadian subarctic style.

00:36:03The presence of so many

00:36:04children's shoes

00:36:05indicates a thriving population,

00:36:07despite people leaving

00:36:08the region due to drought.

00:36:09These shoes

00:36:10were made by the promontory culture.

00:36:12In May 2014,

00:36:14the world's oldest pair of trousers

00:36:15was discovered in China.

00:36:18Archaeologists found

00:36:19the remains of two nomads

00:36:20and 3,000-year-old

00:36:21patterned trousers

00:36:22in western China,

00:36:24which supports the theory

00:36:25that the transition

00:36:26from tunics to trousers

00:36:27was a practical solution

00:36:28for horse riders.

00:36:30It's impossible to say

00:36:31exactly when people

00:36:31started making clothes

00:36:32because fabrics decompose quickly,

00:36:34but estimates range

00:36:35from 100,000 to 500,000 years ago.

00:36:38The first clothes

00:36:39were made from hides,

00:36:40fur, grass,

00:36:41leaves, bones,

00:36:42and shells.

00:36:43The oldest dyed fibers

00:36:44were found in a cave in Georgia.

00:36:46They are 36,000 years old.

00:36:49The discovery of Noah's Ark.

00:36:51In 1959,

00:36:53Captain Ilkan Durupinar,

00:36:54while working on aerial photography

00:36:56for NATO in Turkey,

00:36:58made an unexpected discovery.

00:37:00At an altitude of 2,000 meters,

00:37:03he noticed unusual

00:37:04geological formations

00:37:05resembling the outline

00:37:07of a giant ship.

00:37:08This discovery

00:37:09sparked a lot of debate

00:37:10and speculation

00:37:11that the remains found

00:37:12could be Noah's Ark.

00:37:14The discovery

00:37:15attracted the attention

00:37:16of both scientists

00:37:17and adventurers.

00:37:18Despite numerous expeditions

00:37:20and studies

00:37:21in the following years,

00:37:22no definitive evidence

00:37:24has yet been found

00:37:25to confirm the biblical story

00:37:26of the Ark.

00:37:27However,

00:37:28this region continues

00:37:29to be a subject

00:37:30of scientific interest.

00:37:31To support the possibility

00:37:33of real events

00:37:34like the biblical flood,

00:37:35geological studies

00:37:36in the Black Sea region

00:37:38have shown

00:37:38that about 6,000 years ago

00:37:40a catastrophic flooding

00:37:42did indeed occur.

00:37:43This could have been caused

00:37:44by massive glacier melting

00:37:46which led to a significant

00:37:47rise in the global sea level.

00:37:49In addition,

00:37:50clay tablets

00:37:51dating back

00:37:51to the same period

00:37:52were found in Mesopotamia.

00:37:54One of these tablets

00:37:55describes the story

00:37:56of a great flood

00:37:57and the rescue

00:37:58of various animal species

00:38:00on a ship

00:38:01which has notable parallels

00:38:02with the story

00:38:03of Noah

00:38:03from the Bible.

00:38:05These findings suggest

00:38:06that the themes

00:38:06of a global catastrophe

00:38:07and salvation

00:38:08on a ship

00:38:09may have deep historical roots

00:38:11permeating many cultures

00:38:12and civilizations.

00:38:15Traces of a Vanished Culture

00:38:17Venezuelan archaeologists

00:38:19have discovered

00:38:1920 new sites

00:38:20with rock paintings

00:38:21that date back

00:38:22thousands of years.

00:38:23These drawings

00:38:24found in Kanaima National Park

00:38:26belong to a previously

00:38:28unknown culture.

00:38:30The drawings

00:38:30made with red pigment

00:38:31include geometric motifs

00:38:33such as dots, crosses,

00:38:35stars and lines

00:38:36as well as stylized images

00:38:37of leaves and human figures.

00:38:39Some of the images

00:38:40are carved into the rocks

00:38:41making them petroglyphs.

00:38:43The purpose of creating

00:38:44these drawings

00:38:45remains a mystery.

00:38:47They could have been

00:38:47related to birth,

00:38:49illnesses,

00:38:50the renewal of nature

00:38:51or hunting.

00:38:52The rock art sites

00:38:53were probably important

00:38:54because of where they

00:38:55were located,

00:38:56just as the locations

00:38:57of churches and mosques

00:38:58are important to us today.

00:39:00The exact age

00:39:00of the drawings

00:39:01is still unknown,

00:39:02but it is assumed

00:39:02that they are about 4,000 years old

00:39:04by analogy

00:39:05with similar drawings

00:39:06in Brazil.

00:39:07However,

00:39:08scientists believe

00:39:09that the Venezuelan finds

00:39:10may be even older.

00:39:12Kanaima National Park

00:39:13is a vast area

00:39:14with forests

00:39:15and parks

00:39:16the size of Belgium.

00:39:17One of its most famous attractions

00:39:19is Angel Falls,

00:39:20the highest waterfall

00:39:21in the world.

00:39:22Researchers suggest

00:39:23that the park

00:39:24may have been

00:39:25the center of origin

00:39:26for this mysterious culture

00:39:27which later spread

00:39:29throughout the Amazon,

00:39:30Guyana

00:39:31and southern Colombia

00:39:32where similar rock paintings

00:39:33can be found.

00:39:35The face and phallus

00:39:36of ancient Romans

00:39:37Let's weigh anchor

00:39:39and head to Spain

00:39:40where archaeologists

00:39:41from the University of Alicante

00:39:43have made an amazing discovery.

00:39:44They found an ancient rock carving

00:39:47depicting a face,

00:39:48a horn of plenty

00:39:49and believe it or not

00:39:50a phallus.

00:39:51This discovery

00:39:52was made at the castle

00:39:53of Tossal de la Cala.

00:39:54Just imagine

00:39:55this carving

00:39:56hidden in the rocks

00:39:57has been there

00:39:58for about 2,000 years.

00:40:00Back in those ancient times

00:40:01around 80-70 BC

00:40:04this area was a Roman fort

00:40:05where the Romans

00:40:06defended themselves

00:40:07during the Civil War.

00:40:08On this mysterious stone

00:40:10a human face

00:40:10is depicted

00:40:11next to which a phallus

00:40:12and a cornucopia are carved.

00:40:14The carving is quite large

00:40:16about 57 by 42 cm.

00:40:19But it seems to be unfinished

00:40:21because the upper part is missing.

00:40:22And why was it created

00:40:24you may ask?

00:40:24It could be ancient graffiti

00:40:26or some kind of ritual symbol.

00:40:28For the Romans

00:40:29the phallus was a symbol

00:40:31of male power

00:40:32and the security of the state

00:40:33so its presence suggests

00:40:35some protective function

00:40:36of the carving.

00:40:37And the cornucopia

00:40:38which is also depicted there

00:40:40is often associated

00:40:41with Roman deities

00:40:42of harvest and prosperity.

00:40:44Let's recall the myth

00:40:45of Herakles

00:40:45who tore off the horn

00:40:47of the river god Acellus

00:40:48and turned it into the cornucopia.

00:40:50So perhaps this mystical carving

00:40:52depicts a god

00:40:53or goddess embodying abundance.

00:40:55But that's just one version.

00:40:57You can share your opinion

00:40:58about this in the comments.

00:40:59What do you think?

00:41:00Why did they depict

00:41:01a phallus next to the face

00:41:03in ancient Rome?

00:41:04Did the Romans really believe

00:41:06that such a carving

00:41:07would help protect the state?

00:41:09Also, don't forget

00:41:10to subscribe to the channel

00:41:11if you haven't done so already.

00:41:15A bracelet that is 70,000 years old.

00:41:18Scientists believe

00:41:19that this bracelet

00:41:20which is 65 to 70,000 years old

00:41:22was created by Denisovans.

00:41:25An ancient type of hominid

00:41:27closely related to

00:41:28but different from Homo sapiens

00:41:29and Neanderthals.

00:41:30If this is confirmed

00:41:31the date of the bracelet's creation

00:41:33will have to be pushed back

00:41:34by 30,000 years.

00:41:36The bracelet was discovered

00:41:37in Siberia

00:41:38and it may change

00:41:39our understanding

00:41:40of the development

00:41:40of ancient humans.

00:41:42It is already forcing scientists

00:41:44to reconsider

00:41:45the known levels of technology.

00:41:47For example,

00:41:48the bracelet has a hole

00:41:49made by drilling or sawing.

00:41:54A historian from the United Kingdom,

00:41:57Federico Gigante,

00:41:58discovered one of the oldest

00:41:5911th century astrolabes

00:42:01with inscriptions

00:42:01in Arabic and Hebrew

00:42:02in an Italian museum.

00:42:04This astronomical instrument

00:42:06used for measuring angles

00:42:07and determining the positions

00:42:09of stars

00:42:09became an important find

00:42:11at the museum in Verona.

00:42:12This artifact is so multifunctional

00:42:15that by modern standards

00:42:16it could easily be considered

00:42:18a pocket computer.

00:42:19Federico Gigante came across

00:42:20the device while browsing

00:42:21the museum's catalog online

00:42:22and requested additional information

00:42:24but was told that the object

00:42:25had not yet been studied.

00:42:27Upon arriving at the museum

00:42:28the scientists discovered

00:42:30not only Arabic

00:42:30but also barely noticeable

00:42:32Hebrew inscriptions

00:42:33on the astrolabe

00:42:34which in her opinion

00:42:36indicate scientific exchange

00:42:37between the Arab, Jewish

00:42:39and Christian worlds

00:42:40over the centuries.

00:42:41Research has shown

00:42:42that the astrolabe

00:42:43may have been made

00:42:44in Al-Andalus

00:42:45the Muslim region in Spain.

00:42:47Muslim prayers

00:42:48and Hebrew lines

00:42:49have been preserved

00:42:49on the instrument

00:42:51highlighting its cultural

00:42:52and religious significance.

00:42:54the similarity

00:42:55of the discovered astrolabe

00:42:56to Byzantine

00:42:57and early European models

00:42:58supports the hypothesis

00:43:00of its Iberian origin.

00:43:01This unique artifact

00:43:03is believed to

00:43:04have first entered

00:43:05the collection

00:43:05of the Italian aristocrat

00:43:07Ludovico Mascardo

00:43:08in the 17th century

00:43:09and later passed

00:43:10into the Miniskelci family

00:43:12which in 1990

00:43:13established a museum

00:43:14to preserve

00:43:15its private collection.

00:43:17A medieval giant woman.

00:43:19In the Middle Ages

00:43:21on Lednica Island

00:43:22in Poland

00:43:23there lived a woman

00:43:24of unusual height

00:43:25who likely suffered

00:43:27from mental disorders.

00:43:28She is the only known

00:43:30giantess from Poland

00:43:31of that time

00:43:32as confirmed by

00:43:33Dr. Magdalena Machak.

00:43:34Her height

00:43:35was about 215 centimeters

00:43:37while an average woman

00:43:38was around 1.6 meters tall.

00:43:41The woman passed away

00:43:42at the age of about

00:43:43between 25 and 30 years old.

00:43:46Her skeleton was found

00:43:47by researchers

00:43:47in the Lednica area.

00:43:49It is assumed

00:43:50that having such a disease

00:43:51could have been accompanied

00:43:52by mental health issues

00:43:53interestingly

00:43:54despite her height

00:43:55the giantess's life

00:43:56in medieval Poland

00:43:57could have been

00:43:58quite comfortable

00:43:59as she was well known

00:44:00in her community

00:44:01but her burial

00:44:02was unusual.

00:44:04Unlike accepted traditions

00:44:05her body was oriented

00:44:06to the west

00:44:07and she had no burial items.

00:44:10Russian pyramids?

00:44:11If you haven't seen them

00:44:12in person

00:44:13you've surely heard

00:44:14about the grandeur

00:44:15of the Egyptian pyramids

00:44:16on the Giza plateau.

00:44:17This architectural ensemble

00:44:19which has amazed the world

00:44:20with its magnificence

00:44:22for centuries

00:44:22is considered

00:44:23one of the most monumental.

00:44:25But Russian researchers

00:44:26have proposed

00:44:27an alternative

00:44:28pointing to the existence

00:44:29of even older pyramids

00:44:31in Russia

00:44:31spanning areas

00:44:32from the Kola Peninsula

00:44:33to the Black Sea.

00:44:35The first discovery

00:44:36of such pyramidal structures

00:44:38took place

00:44:38on the Kola Peninsula

00:44:39in 2001

00:44:40and their dating

00:44:41indicated an age

00:44:42twice that

00:44:43of their Egyptian counterparts.

00:44:44subsequent findings

00:44:46confirmed

00:44:47the artificial origin

00:44:48of these pyramids

00:44:49which were built

00:44:50between 9,000

00:44:51and 40,000 years ago.

00:44:53In 2010

00:44:54researchers discovered

00:44:55another ancient pyramid

00:44:57noting the similarity

00:44:58of construction techniques

00:45:00with Egyptian

00:45:01and Chinese structures.

00:45:02In the Krasnoyarsk

00:45:04region

00:45:04there is Mount Charnaya

00:45:05an extinct volcano

00:45:07that was named

00:45:07pyramid

00:45:08because of its

00:45:09three-sided shape

00:45:10where man-made masonry

00:45:11was discovered in 1993.

00:45:13In Rostov-Ondon

00:45:15there is the Arya

00:45:16Sanctuary

00:45:17a unique structure

00:45:18that predates

00:45:18the Egyptian pyramids

00:45:20by a thousand years

00:45:21and was built

00:45:21according to the

00:45:22golden ratio principle.

00:45:24Crimea is especially rich

00:45:25in such finds

00:45:26seven pyramids

00:45:27were discovered

00:45:27there in 2001

00:45:29lined up between

00:45:30Sevastopol and Foros

00:45:31supposedly 2,000 years

00:45:32older

00:45:33than the Egyptian ones.

00:45:34Their architecture

00:45:35resembles

00:45:36Tibetan

00:45:36and Mexican pyramids

00:45:38indicating the existence

00:45:39of an ancient

00:45:40advanced civilization.

00:45:41Egyptian pyramids

00:45:42It's hard to believe

00:45:42that the Egyptian pyramids

00:45:44aren't as ancient

00:45:45as we were told before.

00:45:47Such findings

00:45:48also confirm

00:45:49that the Egyptians

00:45:50were not the first

00:45:50to create such grand structures.

00:45:53To this day

00:45:54humanity is still puzzled

00:45:55and trying to understand

00:45:56why people in ancient times

00:45:58built pyramid structures

00:46:00all over the globe.

00:46:02portal to the underworld

00:46:04portal to the underworld

00:46:04last year.

00:46:05A unique artifact

00:46:05a portal to the underworld

00:46:07was returned to Mexico

00:46:09after being stolen

00:46:10and taken to the United States

00:46:11in the 1960s.

00:46:13Recently scientists completed

00:46:15its restoration

00:46:16and returned it

00:46:17to its original location

00:46:18in central Mexico.

00:46:19This monument

00:46:20created by the Olmec civilization

00:46:22was long considered

00:46:23a gateway to the other world.

00:46:25In the 1960s

00:46:26it was stolen

00:46:27from Chalcatsingo

00:46:28a well-known Olmec archaeological site

00:46:31where it depicted

00:46:32a mythical cat

00:46:33with gaping jaws

00:46:34a symbol of the entrance

00:46:35to the spiritual world.

00:46:37The monument

00:46:38dates back

00:46:38to the pre-classic period

00:46:40created between

00:46:41800 and 400 BCE.

00:46:43The thieves smashed

00:46:44the artifact

00:46:45with hammers

00:46:45to make it easier

00:46:46to transport

00:46:47but they did not damage

00:46:48its main features.

00:46:49It was smuggled

00:46:50into the United States

00:46:51where it ended up

00:46:53on the illegal

00:46:53antiquities market.

00:46:54In 1968

00:46:55the artifact

00:46:56ended up

00:46:57in the New York Museum

00:46:58the name

00:46:58Earth Monster.

00:47:00Archaeologist David Grove

00:47:01recognized the Olmec origin

00:47:02of the monument

00:47:03and noted its similarity

00:47:04to other sculptures

00:47:05in Chalcatsingo

00:47:06especially the eyes

00:47:07shaped like the Olmec cross

00:47:08and the bromeliad flowers

00:47:10near the mouth.

00:47:11The Roswell Incident

00:47:13The Roswell Incident

00:47:14which occurred

00:47:15in July 1947

00:47:16in the state of New Mexico

00:47:18USA

00:47:20remains one of the most

00:47:21discussed

00:47:21and mysterious chapters

00:47:23in the history

00:47:23of UFOs

00:47:24and Nazi Germany.

00:47:25The events began

00:47:26with the discovery

00:47:27of unidentified debris

00:47:29on a ranch

00:47:29near Roswell

00:47:30which led to numerous

00:47:31speculations

00:47:32about the crash

00:47:33of an alien spacecraft.

00:47:34But as you may

00:47:35remember

00:47:36the Nazis also tried

00:47:37to invent weapons

00:47:38that had never existed

00:47:39before

00:47:40including something similar

00:47:41to flying saucers.

00:47:43That's why historians

00:47:44and conspiracy theory

00:47:44enthusiasts

00:47:45have woven these events

00:47:46together.

00:47:47Initially the United States

00:47:49Air Force announced

00:47:50that a flying disc

00:47:51had been found

00:47:51but soon the statement

00:47:52was withdrawn.

00:47:53and the official version

00:47:55changed to the crash

00:47:56of a weather balloon

00:47:57used for meteorological

00:47:59purposes.

00:48:00This change of position

00:48:01aroused suspicion

00:48:02and gave rise

00:48:02to conspiracy theories

00:48:04according to which

00:48:05the US government

00:48:05was hiding the truth

00:48:06about an encounter

00:48:07with extraterrestrials.

00:48:09In the following years

00:48:10the Roswell Incident

00:48:11became an iconic event

00:48:12in ufology

00:48:13around which an entire

00:48:14industry developed

00:48:15including books,

00:48:17documentaries,

00:48:18and feature films,

00:48:19conferences,

00:48:20and even a theme park

00:48:21in Roswell.

00:48:22Ufologists and researchers

00:48:23suggest

00:48:24that the military

00:48:25not only discovered

00:48:26UFO debris

00:48:27but also alien bodies

00:48:29which in their opinion

00:48:30was strictly classified.

00:48:31The US government

00:48:32in turn

00:48:33has repeatedly denied

00:48:34the existence of

00:48:35any evidence

00:48:36of an alien visit

00:48:37and emphasized

00:48:38that all secret projects

00:48:39related to Roswell.

00:48:41Concerned exclusively

00:48:42military research

00:48:43and intelligence activities

00:48:44during the Cold War,

00:48:46in 1994

00:48:47the Pentagon and CIA

00:48:48published reports

00:48:49stating

00:48:50that the debris

00:48:51belonged to the secret

00:48:52project Mogul

00:48:54which was intended

00:48:54to monitor Soviet

00:48:56nuclear tests

00:48:57at high altitudes.

00:48:59However,

00:49:00this evidence

00:49:00did not convince

00:49:01many conspiracy theorists

00:49:02who continue to search

00:49:04for new proof

00:49:04of extraterrestrial involvement.

00:49:06The mystery of Archaim.

00:49:10Archaim,

00:49:11often called the Russian

00:49:12Stonehenge

00:49:12is one of the most

00:49:13mysterious

00:49:14archaeological sites

00:49:15in Russia

00:49:16located in the steppes

00:49:17of the southern Urals

00:49:19this megalithic complex

00:49:20impresses with its size

00:49:21and precision of layout

00:49:23making it similar

00:49:24to the famous Stonehenge

00:49:25in Great Britain

00:49:26both in its astronomical functions

00:49:28and in its geographic latitude.

00:49:31Archaim is a circular fortress

00:49:32with two concentric rings

00:49:34of walls

00:49:35and streets connecting dwellings

00:49:37which were built

00:49:38with the knowledge

00:49:38of the ancients in mind.

00:49:41Studies have shown

00:49:42that the buildings in Archaim

00:49:43were constructed

00:49:44in such a way

00:49:44as to observe

00:49:45eighteen astronomical events

00:49:47including solstices

00:49:48and equinoxes.

00:49:50This indicates

00:49:51a high level

00:49:52of astronomical knowledge

00:49:53among the peoples

00:49:54who inhabited this region

00:49:55during the Bronze Age.

00:49:56Archaim not only

00:49:58attracts archaeologists

00:49:59but is also

00:50:00of interest

00:50:01to researchers

00:50:01of anomalous phenomena.

00:50:03Unusual magnetic anomalies

00:50:05are recorded

00:50:05in the area

00:50:06of the complex

00:50:06which sometimes affect

00:50:08the operation

00:50:08of electronic devices.

00:50:10These anomalies

00:50:11as well as a number

00:50:12of other unexplained phenomena

00:50:13give rise

00:50:14to various theories

00:50:15including the suggestion

00:50:16that Archaim

00:50:17could have been used

00:50:18or even created

00:50:19by extraterrestrial civilizations.

00:50:22In addition

00:50:22the unique architecture

00:50:23and the complex

00:50:24water supply system

00:50:25indicate a high level

00:50:26of social organization

00:50:27and engineering skill

00:50:28among its builders.

00:50:29These qualities

00:50:30make Archaim

00:50:31one of the key

00:50:32Bronze Age monuments

00:50:33in Eurasia.

00:50:35With colorful masks

00:50:36and golden tongues

00:50:39In the historic

00:50:40Albanaza district

00:50:41in Egypt

00:50:41a group of Spanish

00:50:43archaeologists led

00:50:44by Dr. Maite Mascoro

00:50:45and Dr. Esther Ponsmelato

00:50:47from the University of Barcelona

00:50:48made a significant discovery.

00:50:50The scientists discovered

00:50:51ancient tombs

00:50:52carved into the rocks

00:50:53as well as a number

00:50:54of valuable artifacts

00:50:55which allowed

00:50:56for a deeper study

00:50:57of the history

00:50:58of this region.

00:50:59The team of archaeologists

00:51:00found tombs

00:51:01that date back

00:51:02to the eras

00:51:02of the Ptolemies

00:51:03and the Roman Empire

00:51:04discovering a unique

00:51:05burial method.

00:51:06One of the most amazing

00:51:07discoveries is a

00:51:08terracotta statue

00:51:09of Isis Aphrodite

00:51:11adorned with crowns

00:51:12made of leaves

00:51:13which is an important

00:51:14addition to the study

00:51:15of the art

00:51:15of that era.

00:51:16During the excavations

00:51:18mummies from the Roman era

00:51:19were also found

00:51:20decorated with gilded

00:51:21and colored funerary

00:51:23masks.

00:51:23An interesting feature

00:51:24was the discovery

00:51:25of golden tongues

00:51:26in the mouths

00:51:27of some mummies

00:51:28which indicates

00:51:28ancient burial customs

00:51:30intended to keep

00:51:31the deceased able

00:51:32to speak in the afterlife.

00:51:33Adelia Casac

00:51:34the head of the

00:51:35Central Administration

00:51:36of Antiquities

00:51:37and Middle Egypt

00:51:38emphasized the importance

00:51:39of the discovery

00:51:40of a ruined building

00:51:41with unique drawings

00:51:42depicting plants,

00:51:43grapevines and animals.

00:51:44These images

00:51:45provide valuable insight

00:51:46into the culture

00:51:47and life

00:51:48in Al-Al-Baknas

00:51:49in ancient times.

00:51:50A mouse ate

00:51:51an important message.

00:51:53Archaeologists

00:51:54sometimes make

00:51:55such amazing discoveries

00:51:56that they are hard

00:51:57to believe.

00:51:58One of the most

00:51:59unusual findings

00:52:00was an ancient

00:52:01Greek letter

00:52:01that was eaten

00:52:02by mice.

00:52:03It was written

00:52:04on a wooden tablet

00:52:05and contained

00:52:06an order to kill

00:52:07the messenger.

00:52:08Researchers were

00:52:09never able to prove

00:52:10whether this order

00:52:11was carried out.

00:52:12The letter,

00:52:13written between 257

00:52:15and 248 BC,

00:52:16belonged to a man

00:52:17named Ephormostos.

00:52:19He sent it

00:52:19to his brother

00:52:20Xenon.

00:52:21The letter said,

00:52:22Greetings.

00:52:23The letter you wrote

00:52:23to Menon

00:52:24about Calicon's money

00:52:25was eaten by mice.

00:52:27You would do me a favor

00:52:28if you write quickly

00:52:29so that Calicon

00:52:30is not delayed.

00:52:31Goodbye.

00:52:32The ancient Greeks

00:52:33often wrote letters

00:52:34on various topics.

00:52:35Family stories,

00:52:36news,

00:52:36love messages,

00:52:37political views.

00:52:39Letters were an important

00:52:40means of communication

00:52:41and literary expression.

00:52:43The first mention

00:52:44of a letter

00:52:44in Greek literature

00:52:45appeared in Homer's

00:52:46Iliad,

00:52:47where the king gives

00:52:48a tablet to Bellerophon.

00:52:50In the 6th century

00:52:51BC, Herodotus

00:52:52describes correspondence

00:52:53between King Amasis

00:52:54and the tyrant

00:52:55Polycrates.

00:52:56Letters were written

00:52:57with a reed pen

00:52:57and ink on papyrus

00:52:58which were then rolled

00:53:00up and tied

00:53:01with a thread.

00:53:01Official documents

00:53:02were sealed

00:53:03so that only the recipient

00:53:04could open them.

00:53:05In addition to papyrus,

00:53:07metal,

00:53:08wood,

00:53:08beeswax,

00:53:09clay tablets,

00:53:10limestone

00:53:10or animal skins

00:53:11were also used.

00:53:12The oldest Greek letters

00:53:14were written

00:53:14on lead tablets

00:53:15around 500 BCE.

00:53:18Unusual Pandora viruses

00:53:20In July 2013,

00:53:22scientists in Paris

00:53:23presented results

00:53:25that shed light

00:53:25on a completely new

00:53:27class of microorganisms.

00:53:28They were named

00:53:30Pandora viruses.

00:53:32This discovery

00:53:33turned out to be

00:53:34especially important

00:53:35because the genetic

00:53:36material of these viruses

00:53:37is 94% different

00:53:39from anything

00:53:39previously known

00:53:40to science.

00:53:41Such a unique structure

00:53:43of their genome

00:53:43became one of the main

00:53:44arguments supporting

00:53:45the panspermia hypothesis

00:53:47according to which

00:53:48life could have been

00:53:49brought to earth

00:53:49from outer space.

00:53:51Pandora viruses

00:53:52not only expand

00:53:53our understanding

00:53:53of microbiology

00:53:54but also raise

00:53:55questions about

00:53:56the origin and evolution

00:53:57of viruses as a whole.

00:53:59They belong to the group

00:54:00of giant viruses

00:54:01which can be seen

00:54:02under a regular microscope.

00:54:04And interestingly,

00:54:05they have rather complex

00:54:06genomes

00:54:07allowing them to perform

00:54:08unique functions

00:54:09that were previously

00:54:10thought impossible

00:54:11for viruses.

00:54:13Pandora viruses

00:54:14not only demonstrate

00:54:15unusual abilities

00:54:16for survival

00:54:16and adaptation

00:54:17but they may also

00:54:18play a key role

00:54:19in understanding

00:54:20the mechanisms

00:54:21of genetic material

00:54:22transfer between

00:54:23different species.

00:54:24nowadays

00:54:24to open Pandora's

00:54:26box has become

00:54:26a common phrase

00:54:27meaning to take

00:54:29an action

00:54:29with irreversible

00:54:30consequences

00:54:31that cannot be undone.

00:54:33That's where this

00:54:34virus got its name

00:54:35from.

00:54:37The Jade Mask

00:54:39Archeologists

00:54:39made an important

00:54:40discovery in the dense

00:54:41tropical forests

00:54:42of Guatemala

00:54:43at a place called

00:54:44Chichiquitam.

00:54:45They discovered

00:54:46an interwoven

00:54:47Jade Mask

00:54:48which is believed

00:54:49to have belonged

00:54:50to an unknown

00:54:51Maya king

00:54:51who lived about

00:54:531700 years ago.

00:54:54This find

00:54:55may shed light

00:54:56on the religious

00:54:57devotion

00:54:57and royal succession

00:54:58of the Maya

00:54:59during the early

00:55:00Classic period.

00:55:01It also supports

00:55:02the hypothesis

00:55:03that members of

00:55:04Maya royal families

00:55:05may have been enslaved

00:55:06by more powerful

00:55:07dynasties of

00:55:08Mesoamerica.

00:55:09In addition to the mask

00:55:10archaeologists found

00:55:11a skull, teeth,

00:55:12a stone box

00:55:13shaped like a skull

00:55:14and numerous offerings

00:55:15at Chichiquitam

00:55:16including shells, bones

00:55:17and shiny pieces of jade.

00:55:19Alexander Takovinin,

00:55:20a specialist in

00:55:21Maya epigraphy

00:55:22helped decipher the glyphs

00:55:23on the bones

00:55:24and identified the remains

00:55:25as those of the ruler

00:55:26Itzam Kukai Balam

00:55:28named after the deity

00:55:30on the mask.

00:55:31Turned out

00:55:31to be Yakswayab Chak.

00:55:33He is the embodiment

00:55:34of the Maya god of storms.

00:55:35A mermaid from India.

00:55:38Few have heard of

00:55:39the archaeological complex

00:55:41Chandraketugarh in India

00:55:42which is located

00:55:43about 35 kilometers

00:55:45from Kolkata.

00:55:47Chandra.

00:55:48Chandra.

00:55:48Kolkata.

00:55:49Chandraketugarh

00:55:50was a thriving port city

00:55:51engaged in international trade

00:55:53where people lived

00:55:54from 400 BC

00:55:55to 1250 AD.

00:55:57Today only ruins remain

00:55:59at this site

00:56:00including various

00:56:0110th century Buddhist temples.

00:56:03Interest in Chandraketugarh

00:56:04arose due to the numerous

00:56:05terracotta artifacts

00:56:06dating back to the

00:56:07Shunga period.

00:56:08That is,

00:56:09from 200 to 100 BC

00:56:11Most of them were stolen

00:56:12or taken abroad

00:56:14and only a few fragments

00:56:15have been preserved

00:56:16in Indian museums.

00:56:17Although the site

00:56:18was discovered in 1906

00:56:20the archaeological survey

00:56:21of India under

00:56:22British control

00:56:23did not conduct

00:56:24any excavations here.

00:56:25Many of the stolen items

00:56:27are now in museums

00:56:28around the world

00:56:28such as the Metropolitan.

00:56:30Two terracotta plaques

00:56:31depict a mermaid

00:56:32which is a rather rare

00:56:33image for Indian culture.

00:56:35In one, the mermaid

00:56:36is swimming by a lake

00:56:37holding something

00:56:38that looks like a mirror

00:56:39or a flower.

00:56:40People on the shore

00:56:41are looking at her

00:56:42as if she were a miracle.

00:56:43The great chief

00:56:44has arrived in a chariot

00:56:45to see this creature.

00:56:46In the other,

00:56:47the mermaid has been caught

00:56:48in a net by fishermen.

00:56:49People wave at her

00:56:50and she waves back at them

00:56:52showing no fear.

00:56:53Looking at these reliefs,

00:56:55I wondered if they might

00:56:56be depictions of

00:56:57ancient legends

00:56:57or real events

00:56:58that took place

00:56:59in Chandraketugarh

00:57:002,200 years ago.

00:57:02Perhaps mermaids

00:57:03were not a product

00:57:04of imagination,

00:57:05but real sea creatures

00:57:07in ancient times.

00:57:08Write in the comments

00:57:09below the video

00:57:10whether you believe

00:57:11in the existence

00:57:12of mermaids

00:57:12or something similar.

00:57:14Because there is a reason

00:57:15why the depths of the seas

00:57:16and oceans

00:57:17remain unexplored

00:57:18to this day.

00:57:19Secret bunker

00:57:20in Ordena.

00:57:21In the shady forests

00:57:22of Ordena

00:57:23where the echoes

00:57:24of World War 2

00:57:25still resonate

00:57:25in the hearts

00:57:26and minds

00:57:26of researchers,

00:57:27an important discovery

00:57:28was made.

00:57:30The central bunker,

00:57:31hidden among dense vegetation

00:57:33and forgotten by time,

00:57:35revealed its secrets

00:57:36after decades

00:57:36of silence.

00:57:37This bunker,

00:57:38as it turned out,

00:57:39was used by German troops

00:57:40as a command post

00:57:41during the battle

00:57:42of Ordena,

00:57:43one of Germany's

00:57:43last major offensives.

00:57:45The discovery of the bunker

00:57:46was accidental

00:57:47when a group

00:57:48of local historians

00:57:49was studying changes

00:57:50in the landscape

00:57:50caused by military actions.

00:57:52Inside the bunker,

00:57:54maps, documents,

00:57:55and personal belongings

00:57:56of soldiers were found,

00:57:57providing invaluable material

00:57:59for study.

00:58:00Among the documents

00:58:01were strategic plans,

00:58:02command orders,

00:58:03and diaries,

00:58:04revealing details

00:58:05of the soldiers' lives

00:58:06and their perspective

00:58:07on the course of the war.

00:58:08The discovery

00:58:08of encrypted messages

00:58:10was particularly striking,

00:58:12which are believed

00:58:12to have been used

00:58:13to coordinate offensives

00:58:15and regroup troops.

00:58:16These documents

00:58:17gave historians

00:58:18a new understanding

00:58:19of the complexity

00:58:19of operations

00:58:20in Ordena

00:58:21and the strategic thinking

00:58:22of the German command.

00:58:24A statue of a god

00:58:25in the sewer.

00:58:26During excavations

00:58:27on the southeastern border

00:58:28of Bulgaria

00:58:29with Greece,

00:58:30scientists discovered

00:58:31a two-meter sculpture

00:58:32of Hermes.

00:58:33The marble statue

00:58:34was buried underground

00:58:35about 2,000 years ago.

00:58:38The work of art

00:58:39was located

00:58:39in an ancient Roman sewer

00:58:41in the abandoned city

00:58:42of Heracliosyntica.

00:58:43Founded by King Philip II

00:58:45of Macedon

00:58:46between 356 and 339 BC,

00:58:49in 388 AD,

00:58:51the city was destroyed

00:58:52by an earthquake.

00:58:53The head of the statue

00:58:55has been preserved

00:58:56and is in very good condition.

00:58:58The statue was probably

00:58:59hidden after Christianity

00:59:00was adopted

00:59:01as the official religion

00:59:02of the Roman Empire

00:59:03due to the ban

00:59:04on pagan symbols.

00:59:05The find

00:59:06is a Roman copy

00:59:07of an ancient Greek original.

00:59:08At that time,

00:59:09all pagan things

00:59:10were forbidden,

00:59:11but people still cared

00:59:12for their former deities.

00:59:15A panda in the tomb.

00:59:17The great Chinese Emperor Wen,

00:59:19who lived 2,200 years ago,

00:59:21passed away.

00:59:23And here's what's interesting.

00:59:24Next to his final resting place,

00:59:26archaeologists discovered

00:59:28the remains of a giant panda

00:59:29and a taper.

00:59:30Until then,

00:59:31scientists had no idea

00:59:33that type ears

00:59:33could have lived in China

00:59:34during the emperor's reign.

00:59:36And many other animals

00:59:37were found near the tomb as well,

00:59:39from mighty tigers

00:59:40to peacocks

00:59:41and golden snub-nosed monkeys.

00:59:43Unfortunately,

00:59:44many of them

00:59:44are now endangered.

00:59:47The Eye of the Sahara.

00:59:50This geological structure

00:59:51was seen by astronauts

00:59:53in 1965

00:59:54and that's where

00:59:55its name came from.

00:59:57From the air

00:59:58it looks like a huge eye

01:00:00surrounded by green circles.

01:00:02It's a dolerite intrusion

01:00:03surrounded by sparse vegetation,

01:00:05a rare phenomenon

01:00:06for the desert.

01:00:07Cosmonauts even used it

01:00:09as a landmark,

01:00:10since it's the most

01:00:11noticeable structure

01:00:12in the Sahara.

01:00:13In the center of the formation,

01:00:14there are siliceous brackes,

01:00:16a special type

01:00:17of sedimentary rock.

01:00:18This testifies

01:00:19to its ancient origin,

01:00:21which scientists

01:00:22estimate to be

01:00:23millions of years old.

01:00:24The oldest ring

01:00:26is about

01:00:26600 million years old.

01:00:28At first,

01:00:29it was thought

01:00:29to be the site

01:00:30of a meteorite impact,

01:00:32but this theory

01:00:33was not confirmed.

01:00:34Then scientists suggested

01:00:35that the Guelba Richat

01:00:37has a geological origin.

01:00:38New research shows

01:00:40that this structure

01:00:40was formed under the influence

01:00:42of hydrothermal waters.

01:00:43One of the most unique features

01:00:45of the Eye of the Sahara

01:00:46is its ability

01:00:47to change color

01:00:48throughout the day

01:00:49depending on thermal emission.

01:00:51And although there are still

01:00:52many debates and assumptions

01:00:54about the origin

01:00:55of this geological wonder,

01:00:56most modern scientists

01:00:57believe that it is

01:00:58the result of erosion

01:00:59after the uplift

01:01:01of a section

01:01:01of the Earth's crust.

01:01:04Atlantis at the bottom

01:01:05of the Caribbean Sea

01:01:06June 5, 8,500 years ago

01:01:09Time 1 PM

01:01:10Suddenly,

01:01:12out of nowhere

01:01:12an asteroid the size

01:01:14of a mountain

01:01:14crashes into the Earth

01:01:15at high speed.

01:01:17Bang!

01:01:17And its 5 billion tons

01:01:19hit the waters

01:01:19of the Atlantic

01:01:20to the boiling point.

01:01:21According to one scientist

01:01:23from Germany,

01:01:23this is exactly how

01:01:25Atlantis perished,

01:01:26the lost civilization

01:01:27that they say

01:01:28was flooded

01:01:28by a giant wave

01:01:29as high as Mount Everest.

01:01:31The site of the disaster

01:01:32is now called

01:01:33the Bermuda Triangle.

01:01:35Previously,

01:01:35scientists thought

01:01:36that Atlantis

01:01:37was somewhere

01:01:37in the Caribbean Sea

01:01:39near Bimini Island.

01:01:40They said

01:01:41that the Atlanteans

01:01:41were so intelligent

01:01:42that they could even

01:01:43create fire crystals

01:01:44to generate energy.

01:01:45But it seems

01:01:46that one of these crystals

01:01:47exploded and led

01:01:48to the downfall

01:01:48of the civilization.

01:01:50Skeptics, of course,

01:01:51will say that

01:01:51all of this is nonsense.

01:01:53But what about

01:01:54the numerous

01:01:54underwater discoveries

01:01:56like strange pyramids

01:01:57and marble buildings?

01:02:00Crystals Caribbean?

01:02:02And now,

01:02:03here's another story

01:02:04about a phallus.

01:02:05This time,

01:02:06it's a graphite one.

01:02:07In northern Mongolia,

01:02:08at the archaeological

01:02:09site of Tulbor 21,

01:02:10scientists discovered

01:02:12an artifact

01:02:12that's 42,000 years old.

01:02:14And you know what?

01:02:15This is the oldest

01:02:17symbolic phallus

01:02:18in Eurasia.

01:02:19When Alexander Fedorchenko,

01:02:21a specialist

01:02:21in studying

01:02:22traces of human activity,

01:02:23first saw the object

01:02:24under a microscope,

01:02:25he immediately realized

01:02:27that it looked like a phallus.

01:02:28But other scientists

01:02:29didn't believe him

01:02:30at first.

01:02:31They thought it was just

01:02:32a stone with an engraving.

01:02:33After conducting research,

01:02:35they discovered that

01:02:36the object had been broken

01:02:37and used as a pendant.

01:02:39Here's an interesting fact,

01:02:40friends.

01:02:40The object is made

01:02:41of graphite

01:02:42and the nearest deposit

01:02:43of this mineral

01:02:43is located 100 km

01:02:45from Tulbor 21.

01:02:47That's quite a mystery

01:02:48for archaeology's

01:02:49greatest detective.

01:02:50But most importantly,

01:02:52this is currently

01:02:52the oldest depiction

01:02:54of a phallus

01:02:54in Eurasia

01:02:55and the only phallic pendant

01:02:57from the Paleolithic era

01:02:59in the world.

01:02:59It was found

01:03:00in a layer of earth

01:03:01that is as much

01:03:02as 42,000 years old.

01:03:04The scientist

01:03:05Yevgeny Ribin

01:03:05clarified that

01:03:06this discovery shows

01:03:07that even in those

01:03:08ancient times,

01:03:09gender characteristics,

01:03:10both male and female,

01:03:12played an important role

01:03:13in human symbolism.

01:03:14The Tarim mummies.

01:03:16In the Tarim desert,

01:03:18located in the western part

01:03:20of China,

01:03:20perfectly preserved mummies

01:03:22were discovered,

01:03:23which are more than

01:03:234,000 years old.

01:03:25These mummies are striking

01:03:26because of their condition,

01:03:28which has been preserved

01:03:29thanks to the dry climate

01:03:30of the region.

01:03:31Chinese archaeologists

01:03:32can't believe it,

01:03:33since they have

01:03:34Caucasoid features,

01:03:35which raises many questions

01:03:36about the migrations

01:03:37and cultural exchanges

01:03:39of ancient peoples.

01:03:40Studies have shown

01:03:41that the mummies

01:03:42have high cheekbones,

01:03:43deep eye sockets,

01:03:44and light hair,

01:03:45which is unusual

01:03:46for the population

01:03:47of this region.

01:03:49These findings

01:03:49cast doubt

01:03:50on the previously

01:03:51existing theory

01:03:52that the Tarim basin

01:03:53was inhabited

01:03:54exclusively

01:03:54by Asian peoples.

01:03:56DNA analyses

01:03:57have confirmed

01:03:58the mixed origins

01:03:59of these people,

01:04:00indicating complex

01:04:01migration routes

01:04:02connecting east

01:04:03and west

01:04:03as far back

01:04:04as ancient times.

01:04:05The mummies were found

01:04:06in various burial sites,

01:04:08many of which

01:04:08contain grave goods,

01:04:10including textiles,

01:04:11weapons,

01:04:12and household items.

01:04:12The Tarim desert mummies

01:04:14continue to be studied

01:04:16by scientists

01:04:16from around the world,

01:04:18revealing more

01:04:19and more aspects

01:04:20of ancient history.

01:04:21They are an archaeological

01:04:22phenomenon.

01:04:24Vampires in Poland.

01:04:25At an archaeological

01:04:26site in Poland,

01:04:27the remains

01:04:27of a 17th century child

01:04:29with a padlock

01:04:30attached to the leg

01:04:31were found.

01:04:33Researchers believed

01:04:34that the locals

01:04:34were afraid

01:04:35that this child

01:04:36might come back

01:04:36to life as a vampire.

01:04:37In the Middle Ages

01:04:39in Europe,

01:04:40many people believed

01:04:40in vampires

01:04:41and used various methods

01:04:42to keep the deceased

01:04:43in their graves.

01:04:45Recently, archaeologists,

01:04:46including Dariusz Polinski

01:04:47from Nikolaus-Kopernicus University,

01:04:49discovered an unusual burial

01:04:51near Dombrova-Kelmanskaya

01:04:52in Poland.

01:04:53It was a woman

01:04:54with a padlock

01:04:55attached to her leg

01:04:56and a sickle

01:04:56around her neck.

01:04:57And here is the discovery

01:04:58of a vampire child.

01:05:00The child was only

01:05:01five or seven years old

01:05:02when he passed away.

01:05:03He was buried

01:05:04face down.

01:05:04As if people were afraid

01:05:06he might still be active

01:05:07even after death.

01:05:08In the Middle Ages,

01:05:09such burials were done

01:05:10so that the deceased

01:05:11would bite the earth

01:05:12and not pose a threat

01:05:13to people.

01:05:14They also found

01:05:15a cluster of skeletons

01:05:16of other children nearby

01:05:17and a fragment of a jaw

01:05:18with a greenish tint.

01:05:19Most likely,

01:05:20a copper object

01:05:21was placed

01:05:21in the mouth

01:05:22of the deceased.

01:05:23That's where this color

01:05:24comes from.

01:05:25The Calgante Disc.

01:05:26The object called

01:05:27the Calgante Disc,

01:05:28which is kept

01:05:29in the Rafael Larco Herrera

01:05:30Archeological Museum

01:05:31in the capital of Peru,

01:05:33in Lima,

01:05:34may be evidence

01:05:35that people

01:05:36in ancient times

01:05:37knew what the arms

01:05:38of the galaxy looked like.

01:05:39This artifact,

01:05:40which is believed

01:05:41to have been created

01:05:42about 2,000 years ago,

01:05:44looks like a spiral galaxy.

01:05:46But here's the catch.

01:05:48The number of arms

01:05:49on this disc

01:05:50doesn't match

01:05:51the number of arms

01:05:52in our galaxy.

01:05:53If we assume

01:05:54that the disc

01:05:55really depicts a galaxy,

01:05:56it calls into question

01:05:57many things

01:05:58we thought we knew

01:05:59about ancient civilizations.

01:06:02At the same time,

01:06:03the Calgante Disc

01:06:04remains a mysterious artifact,

01:06:06raising more questions

01:06:07than it answers.

01:06:09Off the coast of Spain,

01:06:11the lost legendary

01:06:12Temple of Heracles

01:06:13was discovered.

01:06:14On the southwestern coast

01:06:16of the Iberian Peninsula,

01:06:17scientists from

01:06:18the University of Seville

01:06:19managed to find

01:06:20the ruins

01:06:20of the Temple of Heracles

01:06:21Gaditanus,

01:06:22lost many centuries ago.

01:06:23a majestic structure

01:06:25that people came

01:06:27to worship

01:06:28from the farthest corners

01:06:29of the ancient world.

01:06:31Can you imagine

01:06:32how an ancient

01:06:33mythological hero

01:06:34can become the focus

01:06:35of modern research?

01:06:36After all,

01:06:37that's exactly

01:06:38what happened

01:06:38with Heracles,

01:06:39who is known

01:06:40in Phoenician mythology

01:06:41as Melchart,

01:06:42the god and patron

01:06:43of seafaring,

01:06:44and the city of Tyre.

01:06:45Thanks to Ladar

01:06:46and digital modeling,

01:06:47scientists were able

01:06:48to study the underwater world

01:06:50in detail

01:06:50while staying on land.

01:06:52Ricardo Bellison,

01:06:53one of the researchers

01:06:54from the University

01:06:55of Seville,

01:06:56suggested that

01:06:57the remains

01:06:57of a majestic temple

01:06:58might be hidden

01:06:59at the mouth

01:07:00of the shallow

01:07:01Caño de Sanctipatria channel.

01:07:03Marble and bronze

01:07:04sculptures of Roman emperors

01:07:06have been found here,

01:07:07as well as figurines

01:07:08from the Phoenician period,

01:07:09many of which

01:07:10can be seen today

01:07:11in the Cadiz Museum.

01:07:12Scientists were able

01:07:13to identify

01:07:14a rectangular area

01:07:15measuring 300 by 150 meters,

01:07:18where the ruins

01:07:19of the temple itself

01:07:20might be hidden.

01:07:20a flute

01:07:21with the voice

01:07:22of a hawk.

01:07:23Now let's go to Israel,

01:07:25to the site

01:07:26of the ancient settlement

01:07:27of Ain Malaha.

01:07:28Here,

01:07:29under a layer of earth,

01:07:30more than 12,000 years old,

01:07:32seven unique flutes

01:07:33made from thin bird bones

01:07:35were discovered.

01:07:36Just imagine,

01:07:37these instruments

01:07:37were made by our ancestors

01:07:38from the bones

01:07:39of predatory birds.

01:07:40Moreover,

01:07:41scientists are sure

01:07:42that the choice of bones

01:07:43and the placement of holes

01:07:44in them were not accidental.

01:07:46With their help,

01:07:46you can produce sounds

01:07:47very similar to the cries

01:07:49of predatory birds.

01:07:50According to researchers,

01:07:52these flutes

01:07:52were not musical instruments,

01:07:54but were used for hunting.

01:07:56Ain Malaha

01:07:56is an ancient settlement

01:07:58of the Natufians,

01:07:59the first hunter-gatherers

01:08:00who decided to settle

01:08:01in this place,

01:08:02but at the same time

01:08:03did not give up hunting,

01:08:04fishing, and gathering

01:08:05fruits and plants.

01:08:06And they even learned

01:08:07to practice agriculture

01:08:08and animal husbandry.

01:08:10Ain Malaha

01:08:10is located near Lake Hula,

01:08:12where migratory birds

01:08:13stopped to rest.

01:08:15Based on the findings,

01:08:16the local inhabitants

01:08:17actively hunted waterfowl

01:08:19that wintered on the lake.

01:08:20These flutes had

01:08:21from one to four holes,

01:08:23which, just like in modern flutes,

01:08:25were covered with fingers.

01:08:26Some even had a mouthpiece.

01:08:28And around the holes

01:08:29there are many scratches

01:08:31and marks,

01:08:31proving that the instruments

01:08:33were actively used.

01:08:34Researchers conducted

01:08:35an experiment

01:08:36and made similar flutes

01:08:38from duck bones.

01:08:39The sounds they produced

01:08:40turned out to be very similar

01:08:42to the cries of birds of prey,

01:08:43kestrels,

01:08:44and the Eurasian sparrowhawk.

01:08:46It is assumed

01:08:47that hunters

01:08:47used these sounds

01:08:48to attract birds

01:08:49and then used their

01:08:51claws and feathers

01:08:52for decorations.

01:08:55A cosmetic spoon

01:08:56with a naked girl.

01:08:57Raise your hands

01:08:58if you love jewelry

01:08:59and face masks.

01:09:00But what if I told you

01:09:02about an accessory

01:09:02that also held

01:09:03your favorite fragrant oils?

01:09:06Let's take a journey

01:09:07back to the times

01:09:08of ancient Egypt,

01:09:10where there was a girl

01:09:11who could have been

01:09:11a top model today.

01:09:15This girl is actually

01:09:16a cosmetic spoon

01:09:17made from ivory

01:09:18and ebony

01:09:19and painted in bright colors.

01:09:22This was a special type

01:09:23of spoon

01:09:24that was used

01:09:24to store cosmetics

01:09:25or aromatic oils.

01:09:27In fact,

01:09:28it was an entire tradition

01:09:29in ancient Egypt

01:09:30during the 18th

01:09:31and 19th dynasties.

01:09:33Our little model

01:09:34was carved

01:09:35to look like

01:09:36a pink lotus flower

01:09:37with a lid

01:09:38that can be opened

01:09:39and closed.

01:09:39Her face is adorned

01:09:41with a black wig

01:09:42made of ebony wood

01:09:43and her neck

01:09:44with a necklace

01:09:44of lotus petals.

01:09:46She has a tattoo

01:09:47on her waist

01:09:47and on her hips

01:09:48are images

01:09:49of dwarf gods

01:09:50who protected

01:09:50the home and family.

01:09:53This cosmetic spoon

01:09:54was found in Thebes

01:09:55in the early 1900s

01:09:57and is now in Moscow

01:09:58at the Pushkin State

01:09:59Museum of Fine Arts

01:10:00in the Hall

01:10:01of Ancient Egyptian Art.

01:10:03And if you noticed,

01:10:05the girl on the spoon

01:10:06has very long legs.

01:10:07In ancient Egypt,

01:10:09art often depicted women

01:10:11with disproportionately

01:10:11long legs.

01:10:13This was a kind

01:10:14of beauty standard

01:10:15of that time.

01:10:16Who knows,

01:10:17maybe they were

01:10:17the first models

01:10:18in the world.

01:10:20The second

01:10:21Tibetan Denisovan.

01:10:22A group of scientists

01:10:24studied materials

01:10:25found in the Baishia cave

01:10:26in Tibet

01:10:27and discovered

01:10:28an ancient rib.

01:10:29Aleoporteomic analysis

01:10:30showed that it belonged

01:10:31to a Denisovan

01:10:32who lived about

01:10:3348 to 32,000 years ago.

01:10:35Most of what we know

01:10:37about Denisovans

01:10:37comes from a few

01:10:38rare finds.

01:10:40Most of the fossils

01:10:40have been found

01:10:41in Denisova cave

01:10:42which is where

01:10:43this ancient human species

01:10:44got its name.

01:10:45Outside this cave,

01:10:47Denisovans

01:10:47were first identified

01:10:49in Tibet

01:10:49when scientists

01:10:50analyzed protein fragments

01:10:52from a 160,000 year old

01:10:54lower jaw fragment

01:10:55found in 1980.

01:10:57Later,

01:10:58studies of younger leias

01:10:59in this cave

01:11:00also found Denisovan DNA.

01:11:01The tooth of another

01:11:03member of this ancient

01:11:04population

01:11:04was excavated in Laos.

01:11:06Scientists from Denmark,

01:11:07China and France

01:11:08studied the Baishia cave

01:11:10in Tibet.

01:11:11This high-altitude site

01:11:12located at an elevation

01:11:14of 3,280 meters

01:11:17they found numerous

01:11:18artifacts and animal

01:11:19remains,

01:11:20indicating that the cave

01:11:21was visited by archaic

01:11:22humans for many thousands

01:11:23of years.

01:11:24Among more than 2,500

01:11:26animal bones and teeth

01:11:28found in the cave

01:11:29were blue sheep,

01:11:30yaks,

01:11:31Tibetan gazelles

01:11:32and horses,

01:11:33bones of ancient hyena,

01:11:35grey wolf,

01:11:36snow leopard,

01:11:37pheasant,

01:11:38and golden eagle

01:11:38were also identified.

01:11:40Almost 20 bones

01:11:41show anthropogenic traces.

01:11:43During the excavation,

01:11:45archaeologists discovered

01:11:46a rib fragment

01:11:47over 5 cm long,

01:11:48which broke into 2 pieces.

01:11:50Biomolecular analysis

01:11:51showed that the fossil

01:11:52belonged to a Denisovan.

01:11:55Dating of the cultural layer

01:11:56established the age

01:11:58of the find,

01:11:58indicating that Denisovans

01:12:00visited Baishia cave

01:12:01more than 100,000 years ago.

01:12:05In the Bronze Age,

01:12:06cities were traded.

01:12:08The loud earthquake

01:12:09in Turkey in 2023

01:12:11brought not only destruction,

01:12:13but also discovery.

01:12:14In Karaman Marash,

01:12:16where it all happened,

01:12:17there is an ancient mound

01:12:18called Tel Achana.

01:12:19There was once a city

01:12:20called Alalakh there.

01:12:21A true center

01:12:22of the Bronze Age.

01:12:23Alalakh was founded

01:12:24back in the 2nd millennium BC.

01:12:26It was part of Yamhad,

01:12:28a giant empire

01:12:29of that era.

01:12:30Palaces stood there

01:12:31as early as 2000 BC.

01:12:33Right here,

01:12:33we come across the mysterious

01:12:35Yaremlim.

01:12:36Who is he?

01:12:37A brother?

01:12:37A son?

01:12:38This question

01:12:39puzzled scholars

01:12:40for a long time.

01:12:41Until recent discoveries

01:12:43pointed to his being

01:12:43the brother of the ruler

01:12:44of Yamhad.

01:12:45And then,

01:12:46after the earthquake,

01:12:47archaeologists discovered

01:12:48a clay tablet

01:12:49with cuneiform writing on it.

01:12:50It was a contract

01:12:51for the sale

01:12:52of an entire city.

01:12:53And most interestingly,

01:12:55the buyer

01:12:55was our hero,

01:12:56Yaremlim.

01:12:57It's like an ancient

01:12:58sales receipt

01:12:59from before stores

01:13:00even existed.

01:13:01For a long time,

01:13:02people thought

01:13:02that cities were given

01:13:03as gifts or exchanged,

01:13:05but not sold.

01:13:06This tablet

01:13:07changes everything.

01:13:08The discovery

01:13:09of the oldest

01:13:09nuclear reactor

01:13:10in the world.

01:13:12It's funny,

01:13:13but the first

01:13:14human-made reactor

01:13:15that produced electricity

01:13:16was only created

01:13:17in 1951.

01:13:19But the Oklo rock

01:13:20formation in Gabon

01:13:21was already generating

01:13:22nuclear energy

01:13:232 billion years ago.

01:13:25The story

01:13:26of the discovery

01:13:27began in 1972

01:13:28when French scientists

01:13:29took a sample

01:13:30of uranium ore

01:13:31from a deposit

01:13:32in Gabon

01:13:33to test its uranium

01:13:34composition.

01:13:35And here,

01:13:36the scientists

01:13:36stumbled upon

01:13:37an amazing discovery.

01:13:39The uranium sample

01:13:40contained less uranium,

01:13:41235 than usual.

01:13:42This meant

01:13:43that somewhere

01:13:43in the mine,

01:13:44about 200 kg

01:13:45of uranium-235

01:13:47had disappeared.

01:13:48As it turned out,

01:13:49the missing uranium

01:13:50had undergone

01:13:51nuclear fission

01:13:52and split into

01:13:53other atoms.

01:13:54It turns out

01:13:55that nature

01:13:55accidentally created

01:13:57a nuclear reactor

01:13:58that operated

01:13:59under very specific

01:14:00conditions

01:14:01necessary for sustained

01:14:02energy release.

01:14:03And this really happened.

01:14:05First,

01:14:06there was enough

01:14:06uranium-235

01:14:08in the ore

01:14:08to sustain the reaction.

01:14:10Second,

01:14:11uranium-235

01:14:12naturally decays,

01:14:13releasing a neutron

01:14:14that initiates

01:14:15the fission process.

01:14:16And finally,

01:14:18there was enough

01:14:18underground water

01:14:19at the reactor site

01:14:20to slow down

01:14:21the neutrons

01:14:22and regulate

01:14:23the reaction.

01:14:24The only trace

01:14:25underground.

01:14:27Another mysterious

01:14:29discovery

01:14:29was made by

01:14:30archaeologists

01:14:31in Israel,

01:14:32in the old city

01:14:32of Jerusalem.

01:14:33In a previously buried

01:14:35massive moat,

01:14:36researchers found

01:14:36an engraved handprint

01:14:37on the wall.

01:14:38Scientists were

01:14:39conducting excavations

01:14:40near one of the city's

01:14:41main roads.

01:14:42It is believed

01:14:43that the moat was dug

01:14:44by Muslim defenders

01:14:45of the city around

01:14:46the 10th century

01:14:47to strengthen

01:14:48the defense of the city

01:14:49walls.

01:14:50Archaeologists had

01:14:51no idea that one of

01:14:52the city's most important

01:14:53streets was built

01:14:54right over such a moat.

01:14:55What's interesting

01:14:56is that the moat

01:14:57was carved directly

01:14:58into the rock.

01:14:59It is 10 meters wide

01:15:00and between 2

01:15:01and 7 meters deep.

01:15:03Archaeologists

01:15:03still can't understand

01:15:05why ancient builders

01:15:06left a handprint

01:15:06more than 1000 years ago.

01:15:08Interestingly,

01:15:09this handprint could have

01:15:11belonged to a ruler

01:15:12or a priest

01:15:12or even to an ordinary

01:15:14builder

01:15:14with a sense of humor.

01:15:16As we all know,

01:15:17moats were dug

01:15:18to be filled with water.

01:15:19In our case,

01:15:20the moat was never

01:15:21filled with water.

01:15:22Ancient engineers

01:15:23believed

01:15:24that the size

01:15:25of this barrier

01:15:26would be enough

01:15:27to hold back

01:15:28or slow down

01:15:29the enemy.

01:15:29The mysterious

01:15:30Book of Thoth,

01:15:31in the world

01:15:32of archaeology,

01:15:33discoveries sometimes

01:15:34happen that change

01:15:35our understanding

01:15:36of the past.

01:15:38Today's story

01:15:39is about the discovery

01:15:40of the Book of Thoth,

01:15:41an amazing artifact

01:15:42that was found

01:15:43in the depths

01:15:43of the Luxor Temple

01:15:44by the famous

01:15:45Egyptian archaeologist

01:15:46Hasan Mahmud.

01:15:47Thoth,

01:15:48in ancient Egyptian mythology,

01:15:49is the god of writing,

01:15:51wisdom and time.

01:15:52He is often depicted

01:15:54with the head

01:15:54of an ibis

01:15:55or as a baboon.

01:15:56Thoth is believed

01:15:57to be the creator

01:15:58of hieroglyphs

01:15:59and numerous magical texts.

01:16:01The Book of Thoth

01:16:02is a scroll

01:16:03containing prophecies

01:16:04and parables

01:16:05attributed to this god.

01:16:06The majestic scroll

01:16:08is made of high-quality papyrus

01:16:10and has been extremely

01:16:11well-preserved

01:16:12despite many centuries.

01:16:13But the most important

01:16:14thing about it

01:16:15is its content.

01:16:17While studying this scroll,

01:16:18Hasan Mahmud

01:16:19discovered a mysterious

01:16:20message.

01:16:21Thoth possesses knowledge

01:16:22hidden from sight.

01:16:23Whoever dares to read it

01:16:25will gain the wisdom

01:16:26of the gods.

01:16:27This message appears

01:16:28to have been addressed

01:16:29to the king who owned

01:16:30the Luxor Temple.

01:16:31This artifact is

01:16:32incredibly valuable

01:16:33for archaeologists

01:16:34and historians.

01:16:35It can shed light

01:16:36on ancient Egyptian views

01:16:38of the world,

01:16:39the gods,

01:16:40and also show how the

01:16:41ancient Egyptians

01:16:42interacted with these

01:16:43deities.

01:16:44The Book of Thoth

01:16:45is incredibly mystical.

01:16:46The discovery of the scroll

01:16:48was a real revelation

01:16:49because its content

01:16:50and message allowed us

01:16:51to look into the depths

01:16:52of ancient Egyptian mythology

01:16:53to glimpse the wisdom

01:16:55of a great civilization

01:16:56whose history

01:16:58is still shrouded in mystery.

01:17:00Sunken ships of the Ming dynasty.

01:17:02Sunken!

01:17:03The next story feels like

01:17:04a treasure hunt movie.

01:17:05At a depth equal to

01:17:07the height of five

01:17:08Eiffel Towers,

01:17:09the remains of two ships

01:17:11were discovered

01:17:11in the South China Sea.

01:17:13And these are not just ships,

01:17:15but ancient Chinese vessels

01:17:16belonging to the Ming dynasty,

01:17:18which ruled China

01:17:19from 1368 to 1644.

01:17:22This is the first time in history

01:17:23that China has discovered

01:17:25such a unique find

01:17:26in the underwater depths.

01:17:27Scientists from the

01:17:28Chinese Academy of Sciences

01:17:30believe that this discovery

01:17:31is important

01:17:32not only for China,

01:17:34but for world archaeology

01:17:36as a whole.

01:17:36This could help us learn

01:17:38more about the Silk Road,

01:17:39which was the main route

01:17:41for trade between China

01:17:42and other countries.

01:17:43Both ships are believed

01:17:44to have sunk

01:17:45in the late 15th

01:17:46to early 16th century

01:17:47and were discovered

01:17:48at the depth of 1,500 meters

01:17:51inside.

01:17:52A huge amount of cargo

01:17:53was found.

01:17:53The first ship was carrying

01:17:55about 100,000 items,

01:17:56mostly porcelain dishes.

01:17:58The second one

01:17:58was loaded with timber.

01:18:00And most amazingly

01:18:01the ships and their cargo

01:18:02were perfectly preserved.

01:18:04Thanks to this,

01:18:05scientists were able

01:18:06to easily determine

01:18:07the time period

01:18:08to which this discovery belongs.

01:18:09Among the discovered dishes

01:18:11there are different types

01:18:12of porcelain and ceramics,

01:18:13including rare ceramics

01:18:15with green glaze.

01:18:16This find is a major breakthrough

01:18:17for understanding trade

01:18:19and culture in China

01:18:20during that period.

01:18:21Research on the ships

01:18:22is still ongoing

01:18:22and they may bring

01:18:24many more amazing discoveries.

01:18:25So, friends,

01:18:27let's follow this fascinating

01:18:28archaeological adventure together.

01:18:30The most dangerous

01:18:31manuscript in the world,

01:18:33Marie Curie is a famous scientist

01:18:35and experimenter,

01:18:37an outstanding chemist,

01:18:38a researcher of radioactivity

01:18:40and a two-time Nobel Prize winner.

01:18:42One in 19,

01:18:44oh, three in physics

01:18:45and the second in 19,

01:18:46eleven in chemistry.

01:18:48But why are her notebooks

01:18:49considered dangerous?

01:18:50The answer lies

01:18:51not in the knowledge

01:18:52they contain.

01:18:53Marie Curie,

01:18:54together with her husband

01:18:55Pierre Curie,

01:18:56discovered the radioactive elements

01:18:58polonium and radium

01:18:59and developed methods

01:19:00for isolating radioactive isotopes.

01:19:02When the scientists

01:19:03discovered radium,

01:19:04they had no idea

01:19:05about its harmful effects

01:19:06on the body,

01:19:07so they didn't take

01:19:08any protective measures.

01:19:09They carried samples

01:19:11of the substance

01:19:12in their pockets

01:19:13and stored them

01:19:13without precautions.

01:19:15Marie Curie died in 1934

01:19:17from oplastic anemia,

01:19:18a blood disorder

01:19:19caused by radiation.

01:19:21Many scientists

01:19:22who worked with her

01:19:23also died from leukaemia

01:19:24and other radiation-related diseases.

01:19:27During her work

01:19:28in the laboratory,

01:19:29Curie received a huge dose

01:19:30of radiation

01:19:31and became radioactive herself.

01:19:33After her death,

01:19:34she was buried

01:19:35in a lead coffin

01:19:36that blocks radiation.

01:19:38Personal belongings,

01:19:39including her notebooks,

01:19:40were transferred

01:19:41to the National Library

01:19:42of France,

01:19:42where they are kept

01:19:43in lead boxes

01:19:44because they remain radioactive.

01:19:46Today,

01:19:46access to Marie Curie's

01:19:48notebook is difficult.

01:19:50To view her manuscripts,

01:19:52you need to sign

01:19:52a waiver form

01:19:53at the National Library

01:19:54of France

01:19:55and get permission.

01:19:57The viewing takes place

01:19:58in a special room

01:19:59away from the other reading rooms

01:20:01and the rest of the library.

01:20:03The visitor must wear

01:20:04protective clothing

01:20:05and use a dosimeter.

01:20:06Experts have determined

01:20:07that the radiation dose

01:20:09for a person

01:20:09in protective clothing

01:20:10working with

01:20:11Curie's notebooks

01:20:11is negligible.

01:20:13Even with regular contact

01:20:14throughout the year,

01:20:15the maximum radiation dose

01:20:16will be about

01:20:1710 microsieverts

01:20:18per hour-hour.

01:20:19For comparison,

01:20:20during a flight

01:20:21at an altitude

01:20:21of 10 km,

01:20:22a person receives

01:20:235 microsieverts

01:20:24per hour-hour.

01:20:25Thus,

01:20:26a two-hour flight

01:20:27from Berlin to Barcelona

01:20:28will give the same radiation dose

01:20:30as a year

01:20:31of working with

01:20:32Curie's notebooks.

01:20:33Curie's notebooks

01:20:34remain the most dangerous

01:20:35among known manuscripts

01:20:36due to their radioactivity.

01:20:38Reading them without

01:20:39a protective suit

01:20:40is extremely dangerous.

01:20:41It will not be possible

01:20:42to touch Marie Curie's

01:20:43personal belongings

01:20:44without protection

01:20:45for about another

01:20:461500 years,

01:20:48since the half-life

01:20:49of Radium-226

01:20:50is 1600 years.

01:20:52Today's journey

01:20:53through the ancient world

01:20:54has come to an end,

01:20:55but you can watch

01:20:56other videos on the channel

01:20:57that will tell you

01:20:58even more about our history.

01:21:01Goodbye, everyone!

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