How did Mongolia's territory change over time?

In 1206, the Mongolian tribes were united by Temüjin, who became known as Genghis Khan. Under his leadership, the Mongols began rapidly expanding beyond the Mongolian steppe, conquering parts of North China, Siberia, and Central Asia. After his death in 1227, his successors continued the expansion, pushing the empire even further across Eurasia.

At its peak in the 13th century, the Mongol Empire stretched from East Asia to Eastern Europe and the Middle East, becoming the largest contiguous land empire in history. The Mongol army relied on extremely mobile cavalry, effective tactics, and psychological warfare, which often caused cities and states to surrender without major battles.

Over time, the vast empire was divided into several khanates that gradually weakened and lost territory. The Mongols were eventually pushed back toward their homeland. In the 17th century, Mongolia was incorporated into the Qing dynasty. After the collapse of Qing rule, Mongolia declared independence in 1911. During the 20th century it became a communist state under strong Soviet influence, and following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Mongolia transitioned into a democratic country.

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