00:00It's 1823.
00:01The map of the Americas is being redrawn.
00:05Spain has spent centuries amassing a new world empire
00:08stretching from Patagonia to California.
00:11Now their grip was slipping fast.
00:13One by one, Spain's colonies are declaring independence.
00:17And back in Europe, the old empires are not taking it well.
00:21They're asking themselves,
00:22what's to stop us from taking it all back?
00:25The United States had come into being
00:27mere decades ago in the revolution.
00:29Then we fought Britain again in the War of 1812.
00:33America was concerned of the involvement
00:35of foreign empires in the new world.
00:37Now America sensed an opportunity to establish a new order.
00:42Britain, focused on protecting its trade
00:45with the emerging nation,
00:46proposed a joint declaration with the United States
00:49to deter intervention.
00:51But Secretary of State John Quincy Adams,
00:53suspicious of British motives,
00:55convinced President James Monroe to act independently.
00:59Monroe then declared a decree to Congress
01:02among the boldest diplomatic statements in American history.
01:06The American continents,
01:08by the free and independent condition
01:10which they have assumed and maintained,
01:13are henceforth not to be considered
01:15as subjects for future colonization
01:17by any European powers.
01:24The United States, still a young frontier nation,
01:28positioned itself as the preeminent power
01:30in the new world and set the stage
01:33for centuries of American foreign policy
01:35in our hemisphere.
01:36This decree transformed America's role
01:39and standing in the global order,
01:41though initially relying on the deterrence
01:44of the British Navy to enforce it.
01:46For decades, the doctrine served as a defensive shield
01:49while America expanded westward.
01:52It was invoked when the French installed
01:54an emperor in Mexico,
01:55forcing their eventual withdrawal.
01:57It shaped debates over attempted annexations
02:00like the Dominican Republic.
02:02But these were defensive applications,
02:04keeping European powers out,
02:06not asserting American control
02:09over the hemisphere's affairs.
02:10That changed in 1895,
02:13when Secretary of State Richard Olney
02:15invoked the doctrine,
02:16declaring that the United States
02:18was practically sovereign
02:19over the Western hemisphere
02:21and demanded Britain submit
02:23to American arbitration.
02:25He had redefined the doctrine.
02:27It was no longer just a warning.
02:29It was now a claim to regional primacy.
02:33Three years later,
02:34war with Spain erupted.
02:35And when the smoke cleared,
02:37it transformed the hemisphere.
02:39The United States expelled Spain from Cuba,
02:42seized Puerto Rico,
02:43and stepped into the world stage
02:44as a genuine imperial power
02:47with dominance over the Caribbean.
02:50Just four years later,
02:52that dominance was tested again.
02:53German and British warships
02:55sailed into Venezuelan waters
02:57and blockaded its ports
02:58over unpaid debts.
03:00Roosevelt intervened and declared
03:02if a Latin American nation
03:04fell into chaos or instability,
03:06the U.S. would step in and manage it.
03:09The doctrine had started as a shield.
03:11Roosevelt had just turned it
03:13into a mandate.
03:15A critical opportunity
03:17for American leadership
03:18in the Western hemisphere
03:19came in 1903,
03:20when Panama saw independence
03:22from Colombia.
03:24Both Europe and the U.S.
03:26had long wanted
03:26a canal in Central America,
03:28allowing ships to cross
03:30from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
03:32After a failed French attempt,
03:34the United States saw an opening
03:35in a region with shifting
03:37political dynamics.
03:38The U.S. backed
03:39Panamanian independence
03:40and secured a deal
03:42to construct,
03:43operate,
03:43and defend
03:44the Panama Canal.
03:46The waterway would go on
03:48to become the hemisphere's
03:49most critical artery for trade,
03:51a strategic asset
03:52for both world wars,
03:54and a testament
03:54to America's enduring leadership
03:56in the region.
03:58When Soviet missiles
03:59were discovered in Cuba
04:00in 1962,
04:01Kennedy didn't need
04:02to invent a new framework.
04:04He simply invoked
04:05the doctrine.
04:06The weapons
04:07had to go.
04:1013 days
04:11of the most dangerous
04:12standoff in human history
04:13ended with the Soviets
04:15backing down
04:16and removing the missiles
04:17from Cuba.
04:18Reagan applied
04:19the same logic
04:20to justify opposition
04:21to Soviet-backed
04:23Sandinista regime
04:23in Nicaragua
04:24and other Marxist groups,
04:26arguing that ideological
04:27threats required
04:29the same response
04:30as military ones.
04:32Fast forward
04:33to the modern era,
04:34where the doctrine
04:35has found its latest
04:36champion
04:37in President Trump.
04:38Through the execution
04:39of Operation Absolute Resolve,
04:41the United States
04:42seized Venezuelan dictator
04:44Nicolás Maduro,
04:45transporting him
04:46to American soil
04:47to answer
04:48for charges
04:49of narco-terrorism.
04:50This calculated maneuver
04:51delivered a resident
04:53signal across the hemisphere,
04:55punctuated by
04:55President Trump's
04:56own declaration.
04:57Under our new
04:59national security strategy,
05:01American dominance
05:02in the Western hemisphere
05:03will never be
05:05questioned again.
05:07Over two centuries,
05:09Monroe's declaration
05:10had shaped
05:11U.S. foreign policy
05:12across administrations
05:14and throughout
05:14fundamentally
05:15different geopolitical eras.
05:17What began as a warning
05:18to European powers
05:20evolved into a framework
05:21for regional dominance,
05:23one that remains
05:24the cornerstone
05:25of American strategy
05:26in the hemisphere today.
05:27OK,
05:27Obrigado.
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