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- 8 months ago
Voices of the Dead | Secrets of Tutankhamun
2022 | Επ. 1/3 | HD
Η καθηγήτρια Μπέτανι Χιουζ ηγείται μιας εγκληματολογικής έρευνας για μερικά από τα πιο διαχρονικά μυστήρια του αρχαίου κόσμου και φέρνει τους θεατές αντιμέτωπους με τους εξαιρετικούς ανθρώπους του παρελθόντος που ανακαλύπτει στην πορεία.
Η Μπέτανι αποκαλύπτει ανησυχητικά στοιχεία για τη δολοφονία της μητέρας του Τουταγχαμών. Αποκαλύπτει νέα στοιχεία για την ελονοσία από την οποία υπέφερε και την άρρωστη κατάσταση των ποδιών του. Η ανάλυση των οστών του προσώπου του παρέχει μια συναρπαστική εικόνα για τη φωνή του.
2022 | Επ. 1/3 | HD
Η καθηγήτρια Μπέτανι Χιουζ ηγείται μιας εγκληματολογικής έρευνας για μερικά από τα πιο διαχρονικά μυστήρια του αρχαίου κόσμου και φέρνει τους θεατές αντιμέτωπους με τους εξαιρετικούς ανθρώπους του παρελθόντος που ανακαλύπτει στην πορεία.
Η Μπέτανι αποκαλύπτει ανησυχητικά στοιχεία για τη δολοφονία της μητέρας του Τουταγχαμών. Αποκαλύπτει νέα στοιχεία για την ελονοσία από την οποία υπέφερε και την άρρωστη κατάσταση των ποδιών του. Η ανάλυση των οστών του προσώπου του παρέχει μια συναρπαστική εικόνα για τη φωνή του.
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03:19A crucial piece of evidence we have for Tutankhamun's life
03:22is thanks to one thing,
03:25the ancient Egyptian science of mummification.
03:31The ancient Egyptians thought it was crucial
03:34to preserve the bodies of their dead in places like this,
03:37the Valley of the Kings,
03:38so that they could survive through eternity.
03:41And if their bodies, and particularly their faces, weren't complete,
03:45then they believed they forfeited the chance of an afterlife.
03:49So, ancient Egyptian embalmers spent centuries
03:53trying to perfect the very best methods
03:55to preserve their body tissues,
03:57which is why so many ancient Egyptians have survived
04:01to tell us their own story.
04:08To understand the truth of Tutankhamun's story,
04:11shown by his mummy, I'm heading north.
04:16Not far from the Great Pyramid, the Sphinx,
04:19and Tutankhamun's capital,
04:21is the modern city of Cairo.
04:26Today, it's where most of Egypt's royal mummies reside.
04:31I've come to Cairo's Egyptian museum
04:34to meet old friend and paleoradiographer,
04:37Professor Sahar Salim.
04:39How lovely, how lovely to see you.
04:42Sahar has quite literally got under the skin
04:45of 40 royal mummies.
04:48Yes, she's here, Sahar.
04:49Let's go inside.
04:50Wow.
04:51This is incredible.
04:52She was part of a unique project
04:53that scanned, microscopically examined,
04:56and sampled DNA from the royal mummies
04:59of the new kingdom, including Tutankhamun.
05:04I just have to have a moment and put my hands on here
05:06because this is where Tutankhamun lay.
05:09This is where you scanned him, isn't it?
05:11The actual table that his body was put on.
05:15Amazing.
05:16What did you discover?
05:17When I examined the CT scan of Tutankhamun,
05:21the most amazing, the very high quality of mummification
05:25this golden boy got from the embalmers.
05:30Let me show you.
05:31Yeah.
05:31Okay.
05:32Okay.
05:33Oh, my gosh.
05:36This is the profile face of the king.
05:39Amazing.
05:40And what's this, the kind of yellow material
05:42that you can see around his mouth?
05:44This is a filler placed underneath the skin.
05:49Even in the same place that the modern plastic surgery,
05:52they place fillers, which is around the nose,
05:55and the mouth and the cheeks
05:56and even in the temporal regions
05:58so he would look youth and life-like.
06:03That's really interesting.
06:04So they're sort of plumping his face
06:05to make him look beautiful in the afterlife.
06:09The scans reveal that Tutankhamun's mummy
06:12received some of the best facial care
06:14of the pharaohs being studied.
06:17So we can see his skull shake,
06:19but we don't have his voice.
06:21Are there any clues as to how he might have spoken
06:23from the scan?
06:24This sweet boy has an overbite
06:27and the roof of the mouth,
06:28which is the bony roof of the mouth,
06:30it has a slit.
06:31This brought more air than usual to the nose.
06:35So he might have had a slight lisp
06:38or certainly a very distinctive voice.
06:40If Tutankhamun would call my name instead of Sahar,
06:45he would say Sahar.
06:49So Tutankhamun may well have talked with a lisp
06:53thanks to an overbite and a slight cleft palate.
06:56And with communication and public profile essential for any ruler,
07:00the boy king may have been facing a big challenge straight away.
07:05Thanks to his mummification,
07:07there's plenty more for modern science to reveal about Tutankhamun's story.
07:12In 2010, the Egyptian-led team reported that they'd extracted DNA from the royal mummies,
07:19including that of Tutankhamun.
07:23Could genetics help to find Tutankhamun's family
07:27and shed light on his early years?
07:31One inscription strongly implies his father was the eccentric pharaoh Akhenaten,
07:37who reigned with the iconic queen Nefertiti.
07:40But Akhenaten had more than one wife.
07:43So who was Tutankhamun's mother?
07:47A discovery here in a tomb in the Valley of the Kings
07:50could at last reveal who his mother was and what happened to her.
07:56Now, it's not normally open to the public,
07:58but I've been allowed in.
08:05Chakran, I think I'm going to take that.
08:07Thank you.
08:20Oh, these are beautiful.
08:22So that's Anubis, the god of the dead,
08:25welcoming the pharaohs to the afterlife.
08:29It's around a 50-metre journey deep into the rock,
08:34through pillared halls and painted walkways.
08:39until, finally, the inner sanctum,
08:44the burial chamber.
08:48This is the sarcophagus of Amunhotep II.
08:51So that's Tutankhamun's great-great-grandfather.
08:55and this whole tomb was made for him.
08:58But he wasn't the only person who ended up here.
09:08In a side chamber,
09:10a stash of unidentified royal mummies were discovered,
09:13who'd probably been hidden here
09:15to keep them safe from tomb raiders.
09:17Now, archaeologists named two of them,
09:21the elder lady and the younger lady.
09:24And when that revolutionary DNA work
09:27was done on the younger lady,
09:29she was identified as Tutankhamun's mother.
09:35I'm about to uncover shocking evidence of Tutankhamun's childhood
09:39and the dark secrets of his family.
09:43That's a terrible, terrible wound.
09:53Tutankhamun's childhood is a mystery.
09:56Even the identity of his parents has been hard to pin down.
10:02But the latest genetic research has given us a promising lead,
10:06taking us directly to a body that could be his mother.
10:16These remarkable mummified remains
10:18are usually kept under lock and key in Cairo's Egyptian museum.
10:24She could lift the veil on a great secret
10:27of Tutankhamun's childhood.
10:31My goodness, she looks so vulnerable, doesn't she?
10:36Yes.
10:36She's been studied by Professor Sahar Saleem.
10:40So what did your investigation tell you about her?
10:44She was quite young when she died.
10:48If you know that her wisdom teeth were not erupted.
10:52yet she was maybe about 25 years old.
10:55But what strikes me is her condition
10:59and all these wounds and injuries.
11:03Because, I mean, that's a terrible wound in her chest.
11:08This is what we see from the act of the tomb thieves.
11:13This is what they do to break the body
11:17in order to get the gold and the amulets inside.
11:21But what about this thing on her face?
11:23Is that the same thing, do you think?
11:24Or has that happened at a different time?
11:26This is what we thought.
11:27But actually, the CT scan revealed something else.
11:31It revealed that this injury happened before mummification.
11:38So this could have killed her because she could have chopped from her own blood
11:43and also the fractured bones going to the airway tract.
11:50So this could be fatal.
11:54And we know the injury didn't happen long before she died
11:57because the CT scan shows no signs of healing around the trauma.
12:03Can you tell what instrument was used to hit her in her face?
12:06Because, I mean, that is a terrible strike, isn't it?
12:08It should be a high-impact force.
12:12And this usually happens with a blunt trauma,
12:15a club with a stoned head or from a very forcible kick.
12:20What do you think?
12:21Do you think it's an accident or do you think this was an attack?
12:25It looks like an attack.
12:29The DNA work tells us that she is Tutankhamun's mother.
12:34Is that right?
12:34Yes, yes, she's Tutankhamun's mother
12:38and she's also the sister of Akhenaten.
12:43Okay, so she's her husband's sister as well.
12:51So it seems incredibly that I'm sitting here
12:56with the mother of Tutankhamun,
12:59which, of course, is a once-in-a-lifetime experience.
13:03This poor woman clearly suffered a terrible, violent death.
13:09So what this mummy is telling us
13:12is that as Tutankhamun was growing up,
13:14there was serious trouble in his household.
13:25So, how about his father?
13:28What can his story tell us about Tutankhamun's childhood?
13:41150 miles south of Cairo,
13:44this inhospitable plain near the banks of the Nile
13:48is where Tutankhamun grew up.
13:52Nearly 3,500 years ago,
13:55a shining new capital stood here,
13:57built by the pharaoh Akhenaten,
13:59whose reign preceded that of Tutankhamun.
14:06Akhenaten and his favourite queen, Nefertiti,
14:09had started a radical new religion.
14:12Now, for Egyptians,
14:14instead of worshipping thousands of gods,
14:16power was concentrated in one,
14:19the sun god, or Aten.
14:26So, this is the great sun god, the Aten,
14:29always represented like this,
14:30as a disc with these life-giving rays
14:32reaching out to the earth,
14:34and in particular here to Akhenaten
14:36and his queen, Nefertiti.
14:38I have to say, I just adore this image
14:41because it's so informal and intimate.
14:43So you've got this royal couple
14:45playing with and chucking
14:47and just kind of adoring their own daughters here.
14:54But this picture of family bliss
14:56hides a tragic reality.
15:00Akhenaten's reign did not go well.
15:06There were military failures,
15:08widespread plague,
15:09and by the time he died,
15:11after around 17 years in power,
15:13Egyptians had had enough
15:15of his new-fangled religion
15:16and were sick of Akhenaten.
15:20The dynasty was in mortal danger.
15:23What happened next would be crucial
15:25for its survival
15:26and possibly for the survival
15:28of Egypt itself.
15:35Much evidence from the time
15:37has either been lost
15:38or deliberately destroyed.
15:40There could have been a power struggle.
15:42But what we know for sure
15:45is that pretty soon after Akhenaten died,
15:48aged just nine,
15:49Tutankhamun came to the throne.
15:51So you wonder
15:52how a young boy like this
15:54could manage to survive,
15:56let alone thrive
15:57in this condition of chaos.
16:02And there may have been something
16:04that made Tutankhamun's life
16:06even more challenging.
16:08Questions over his health.
16:13Thanks to the latest scans,
16:14this is something
16:15we can now investigate
16:16to a level of detail
16:18that would have amazed
16:19his discoverer,
16:21Howard Carter.
16:22Carolyn, this is the most
16:24remarkable thing.
16:26Forensic bioarchaeologist,
16:28Dr. Carolyn Rando,
16:29is going to take me
16:30inside Tutankhamun's body
16:32for a unique post-mortem.
16:35We are looking at
16:36a reconstructed CT scan
16:39of Tutankhamun here.
16:41So when they take a CT scan,
16:42it's lots of little slices
16:43going up the body
16:44dun-dun-dun-dun-dun
16:45as we go.
16:46And then the computer
16:47reconstructs it
16:48into this really incredible
16:493D image
16:50that we're seeing here.
16:51It actually means
16:52that we can go up and down
16:54through the layers
16:55of the body
16:56to look inside
16:58in a way
16:59that wouldn't be possible
17:00through just
17:01external examination
17:02or even really through
17:03kind of taking him apart.
17:05I mean, it's so incredible
17:06to see this, I've got to say.
17:08What you really
17:09get the sense of here
17:10is this...
17:11He's got quite a
17:12distinctive skull shape,
17:13hasn't he?
17:14He does, yes.
17:14This is really where
17:16it looks very incredible
17:16is he has a very,
17:18very long skull
17:20compared to most people
17:21that we would see today,
17:23which would maybe have
17:24a more rounded
17:25or more bulbous skull.
17:27Now, there's some evidence
17:28that this extraordinary
17:29skull shape was a trait
17:30in his family,
17:30so could it also
17:32be inbreeding?
17:33Could we read that
17:33into the skull shape?
17:35interbreeding
17:35between close relatives?
17:36You can get things
17:37called congenital disorders,
17:38which are passed down
17:40through familial lines,
17:41and those could cause
17:42something called
17:42cranial stenosis.
17:44But if there was
17:45this degree of inbreeding
17:47and if there was
17:47this much possible
17:49congenital difficult
17:50diseases coming from it,
17:52we would actually
17:52expect the teeth
17:53to change.
17:54So what happens
17:56is that you get
17:56missing teeth,
17:57but also other teeth
17:58would swap positions
18:00and get all a bit weird.
18:01So the fact that
18:03he doesn't possibly
18:04suggest that whatever
18:07interbreeding that
18:08may have been going on
18:08wasn't that severe
18:09or wasn't causing
18:11any particularly
18:12serious genetic problems.
18:15It would seem that
18:16Tutankhamun's health
18:17wasn't affected by
18:19inbreeding as much
18:20as some have claimed.
18:23130 walking sticks
18:24were found
18:25in Tutankhamun's tomb.
18:27So were these ceremonial
18:29or did he actually
18:30need them to walk?
18:34Tell me about his feet.
18:35There's a lot of
18:36conversation about
18:37whether he had
18:38some kind of issues
18:39with one of his feet.
18:39So the right and the left foot,
18:41they do appear to look
18:42quite different from each other.
18:44So there is some indication
18:45that something was going on.
18:46We can see that
18:47in his left foot here,
18:49it is quite a high
18:50really quite marked arch.
18:52Whereas on this foot,
18:53it looks almost
18:54completely flat,
18:54like he's walking
18:55completely flat-footed.
18:56So he was probably
18:57putting more weight
18:58on his right foot
19:00for some reason
19:00and less weight
19:01on his left foot.
19:02But what we can do
19:03is actually switch it
19:05to an x-ray view.
19:07So if we take a look
19:08at his feet
19:10a little bit more,
19:12this area in there
19:14is a bit dark.
19:15And what that means
19:16is that we don't have
19:17as much bone there
19:18as we have in other parts
19:20of the foot.
19:20And it looks like
19:21we're missing
19:21the very top
19:22of that bone there,
19:24which could suggest
19:25that actually in this area
19:26there is necrosis
19:28or tissue death
19:29happening on that bone.
19:31I mean, that,
19:32if that's the case,
19:33that's going to be
19:34very painful.
19:35It absolutely would.
19:36I mean,
19:36it's a possible bone infection,
19:38possibly something
19:38called osteomyelitis.
19:40And that would be
19:42really bacteria
19:43in the bone,
19:44in the wound.
19:45It would be,
19:45I think,
19:46quite painful,
19:47to be honest with you.
19:48and even if he didn't
19:48have a need
19:49for a cane before,
19:50it might be something
19:51like this could support
19:52the need to have
19:53a little bit
19:53of a support weight.
19:55Pull, pull, boy.
19:58If Tutankhamun
19:59was affected
20:00by disabilities,
20:01that raises
20:02another question.
20:04Could this have
20:05undermined his acceptance
20:06as king?
20:07Do we have any ideas
20:09as well attitude
20:09to Dr. Sophia Aziz
20:11studies disability
20:12in ancient Egypt?
20:14If he did have
20:15some form of disability,
20:16if he had a club foot,
20:18for instance,
20:18would that have been
20:19a problem
20:20for the ancient Egyptians?
20:22Remarkably, no.
20:23The ancient Egyptians
20:24were very enlightened.
20:26So for them,
20:27disability was
20:28a divine attribute.
20:30So Tutankhamun
20:31would not have been
20:32stigmatised
20:33if he did have
20:34a club foot.
20:35He would have actually
20:36been seen as special.
20:37And why is that?
20:38Because that's kind of
20:38counterintuitive.
20:39It's not what we'd imagine.
20:40We've actually found
20:41some wisdom texts
20:42which are actually
20:43written for children.
20:45And in these wisdom texts,
20:47they say,
20:48don't make fun
20:49of the dwarves,
20:50don't tease the blind,
20:51and treat people
20:53with disabilities
20:54with respect
20:55and dignity.
20:58So thinking about
20:59Tutankhamun,
21:00one thing that you can tell
21:01from his facial features
21:03is that he definitely
21:04has an overbite.
21:05Would that have been
21:06considered a problem?
21:07An overbite can cause
21:09some speech impediment,
21:11but this would not
21:12have affected him
21:12in a negative way
21:13in ancient Egypt at all.
21:15Do you think that's
21:16something to do
21:16with religious attitudes
21:18then?
21:19Because of course,
21:20in ancient Egypt
21:20you have the life
21:21that you're living
21:22in the here and now,
21:23and then there's
21:23a second life,
21:24the afterlife,
21:25which is as important,
21:27if not more important,
21:28for Egyptians.
21:29I think that's
21:30a huge part of it.
21:31The ancient Egyptians,
21:32they did not expect
21:33perfection in life.
21:35that was actually
21:36reserved for the afterlife.
21:40This has made me think
21:41about Tutankhamun
21:42in a quite different way.
21:44Rather than a boy
21:46perhaps pitted
21:47for his disabilities,
21:48maybe he was simply
21:49accepted for what he was,
21:51the king,
21:52albeit a very young one.
21:55Next,
21:56I want to find out
21:57about his life
21:58on the throne
21:59and whether forensic research
22:01can tell us what
22:02or who
22:03was responsible
22:04for his tragic
22:05early death.
22:07He's had some sort
22:08of impact
22:08from the side
22:10and it can very quickly
22:11translate to death.
22:18During a turbulent time
22:20in Egyptian history,
22:22around 1300 BCE,
22:24Tutankhamun
22:25came to the throne.
22:27He was aged
22:28just nine.
22:39Much of the detail
22:41of his reign
22:41has been lost
22:42but as far as we know,
22:44he was crowned
22:45in the traditional way.
22:48Tutankhamun's
22:49coronation
22:50took place here
22:50at Karnak,
22:52the temple complex
22:53that honoured
22:54the traditional god
22:55of Amun
22:55in the town
22:56of Luxor.
23:01First,
23:02he'd been purified
23:03probably with oil
23:04and water
23:05and then
23:06on entering the temple
23:07his transformation
23:08began.
23:29Now, the Egyptians
23:30really knew
23:31how to throw a party
23:33and you should just
23:34try to imagine
23:35the spectacle here.
23:36It must have been
23:36extraordinary
23:37and mind-blowing
23:38and pulsing
23:39with meaning.
23:41There'd have been
23:41dancing girls
23:42doing backflips
23:43and musicians
23:43and Tutankhamun
23:45would have worn
23:45a series of crowns
23:47and costumes
23:47and carried scepters
23:49and weapons
23:49all representing
23:50his religious
23:51and political power.
23:53The guy
23:54was only nine.
23:55so can you imagine
23:56the pressure
23:57of expectation?
24:02One event
24:03must have involved
24:04some serious logistics.
24:06He shot an arrow
24:08into every corner
24:09of the temple
24:10and as he did so
24:11a flock of birds
24:12was released
24:13to prove
24:14that he had mastery
24:15of nature
24:16and of the world.
24:22But the reality was
24:24as soon as he took
24:25the throne
24:26Tutankhamun's life
24:27was all about survival
24:29his own
24:30and that of his dynasty.
24:34Even though
24:35he was only nine
24:37Tutankhamun
24:38was expected
24:39to take
24:39at least
24:40one wife.
24:42In the ancient
24:43Egyptian royal family
24:45it wasn't uncommon
24:46for brothers and sisters
24:47to marry one another.
24:49This was partly
24:50inspired by
24:51a popular myth
24:52where a goddess
24:53marries her brother
24:54but more practically
24:56it was about
24:57keeping power
24:58in the family.
25:00So Tutankhamun
25:02married his
25:03older sister
25:04Anka Senamun.
25:08There are lots
25:10of images
25:10on the treasures
25:11in Tutankhamun's tomb
25:12that show
25:13the couple together
25:14like this
25:15beautiful one
25:17on this fabulous
25:18golden throne.
25:19This is his queen
25:21here
25:21in this wonderful
25:22silver dress
25:23and she's
25:24rubbing his skin
25:25with oil.
25:26It's a really
25:28intimate picture
25:29and that's appropriate
25:30because these two
25:31had to have
25:32a relationship
25:33because it was
25:34their responsibility
25:35to produce an heir
25:36so that the dynasty
25:37could continue.
25:42And there's
25:43intriguing
25:44and tragic
25:46evidence
25:46from the tomb
25:47that they tried
25:48to do just that.
25:50Two
25:51shoebox sized
25:52coffins
25:53in each
25:54a stillborn baby.
25:59But who are they?
26:02The Egyptian-led project
26:04succeeded in extracting
26:06a tiny amount
26:07of DNA
26:08just enough
26:09to indicate
26:10that Tutankhamun
26:12is indeed
26:13the father.
26:15Their sad
26:16deaths
26:17may have been down
26:18to an incestuous
26:19union
26:20and without
26:21children
26:22the dynasty
26:23was in peril.
26:26for a child
26:27king and queen
26:28this was
26:29an incredibly
26:30challenging
26:31world
26:31to negotiate.
26:35Now
26:36Tutankhamun
26:37would have been
26:38constantly
26:38on show
26:39officiating
26:41at ceremonies
26:41holding his own
26:43amongst courtiers.
26:44Isn't it
26:45tantalising
26:46to imagine
26:47what he might
26:48have sounded like?
26:50Well
26:50there is
26:52some evidence.
26:54Today
26:55there are
26:56some people
26:56who still
26:57speak a language
26:58connected
26:59to the language
27:00Tutankhamun
27:01the
27:02Coptic
27:03community.
27:16Some
27:17ancient Egyptian
27:18is preserved
27:19in Coptic
27:20vocabulary.
27:28demotic Egyptian
27:29is basically
27:30a kind of
27:30street version
27:31of the ancient
27:32Egyptian language
27:33and it was
27:33really widely
27:35spoken and
27:35written down
27:36and Coptic
27:38is a direct
27:39descendant
27:40of that.
27:43As is
27:44some of
27:44their music
27:45the melody
27:46of this Easter
27:47hymn
27:47has been traced
27:48right back
27:49to a burial
27:50chant
27:50from ancient
27:51Egypt.
27:52Music
27:52that might
27:53have been
27:53heard
27:54at Tutankhamun's
27:55own funeral.
27:57And now
27:58for the first
27:58time
27:59we can hear
28:00Tutankhamun's
28:01words
28:01spoken
28:02in Coptic.
28:09this is as
28:11close as you
28:12can come
28:12to the sound
28:13of Tutankhamun's
28:14world
28:15and possibly
28:16even
28:17the voice
28:18of Tutankhamun
28:19himself.
28:21So
28:22what kind
28:23of pronouncements
28:24did the
28:25young king
28:25make?
28:26Probably
28:27the greatest
28:28that we know
28:28of was
28:29unearthed
28:30here
28:30in the
28:31temple
28:31of Karnak
28:32and it
28:33reads
28:33like a
28:34bid
28:34for
28:35political
28:35survival.
28:38Steel
28:39like this
28:39were basically
28:40giant stone
28:41press releases
28:42that publicized
28:43the policies
28:44and achievements
28:45of a king
28:46and here
28:47Tutankhamun
28:48does not
28:49hold back
28:50so in this
28:51whole area
28:51he's basically
28:52describing the
28:53failings of
28:54his father's
28:54reign.
28:56Al-Kho
28:57Ntho
28:58the temples
28:59of the gods
28:59and goddesses
29:00had been
29:01neglected
29:03which had
29:04become
29:04mounds
29:05overgrown
29:05with weeds.
29:10But he
29:11is going to
29:11do things
29:12differently
29:12so here
29:13we hear
29:14that he
29:15restored
29:16what was
29:16once ruins.
29:20So his
29:21majesty
29:21made
29:21monuments
29:22for the
29:22gods
29:23fashioning
29:24their
29:24cult
29:25statues
29:25of
29:25gold
29:26building
29:27their
29:27sanctuaries
29:28anew
29:28and
29:29monuments
29:30for the
29:30ages
29:31of
29:31eternity.
29:34It's
29:34really
29:35fascinating
29:35this
29:36because
29:36this
29:36is
29:37telling
29:37us
29:37that
29:37Tutankhamun
29:38isn't
29:38just
29:39an
29:39ineffectual
29:40boy
29:40king
29:40he
29:41is
29:42a
29:42real
29:42political
29:43player.
29:46Is there
29:47any evidence
29:48that young
29:48Tutankhamun
29:49put his
29:50words into
29:50practice?
29:55I'm
29:56back in
29:56Karnak
29:57to take
29:57a closer
29:58look at
29:58what these
29:593,300
30:00year old
30:01remains
30:01can tell
30:02us
30:02about
30:03him.
30:05This
30:06is my
30:06old
30:06friend
30:06Mahmoud
30:07and
30:07I'm
30:08incredibly
30:09lucky
30:09because
30:09he's
30:10agreed
30:10to let
30:10me
30:10in
30:10so
30:11have
30:11a
30:11look
30:11at
30:11this
30:11archaeological
30:12site
30:12that
30:12you
30:12don't
30:13normally
30:13get
30:13access
30:14to.
30:16Thank
30:16you.
30:32All along
30:33this
30:34grand
30:34processional
30:35way
30:35these
30:35sphinxes
30:36were
30:36decorated
30:37with the
30:37heads
30:37of
30:38Akhenaten
30:38and his
30:39queen
30:39Nefertiti
30:40but
30:41Tutankhamun
30:42changed
30:43all that
30:44in a
30:45grand
30:45political
30:46statement
30:50he
30:51knocked
30:51off
30:51the
30:52human
30:52heads
30:52and
30:53replaced
30:53them
30:54with
30:54these
30:55with
30:55ram
30:55heads
30:56which
30:56are
30:56the
30:56symbol
30:57of
30:57the
30:57great
30:58god
30:58Amun
30:59so
31:00basically
31:00Tutankhamun
31:01was saying
31:01don't
31:02worry
31:02I'm
31:02putting
31:03everything
31:03back
31:03to
31:03how
31:03it
31:04once
31:04used
31:04to
31:04be
31:04we're
31:05returning
31:05to
31:06the
31:06good
31:06old
31:07days
31:12it
31:13would
31:13appear
31:14that
31:14Tutankhamun
31:15did
31:15make
31:16an
31:16effort
31:16to
31:16restore
31:17Egypt
31:17to
31:18the
31:18traditional
31:18ways
31:19but
31:20of course
31:20he was
31:21just
31:21a boy
31:22and
31:22must
31:22have
31:22been
31:23dependent
31:23on
31:23guidance
31:24from
31:24military
31:25leaders
31:25and
31:25powerful
31:26advisors
31:32did
31:33they
31:33really
31:34care
31:34about
31:34doing
31:35what
31:35he
31:35wanted
31:35at
31:36all
31:36or
31:37did
31:37they
31:37see
31:38this
31:38kid
31:38as
31:38someone
31:39they
31:39could
31:39exploit
31:39to
31:40do
31:40their
31:40bidding
31:41there's
31:42certainly
31:42evidence
31:43that
31:43those
31:43who
31:44came
31:44after
31:44him
31:44claimed
31:45his
31:45achievements
31:46as
31:46their
31:46own
31:46and
31:47even
31:48erased
31:48his
31:49memory
31:52elsewhere
31:52in the
31:53temple
31:53his name
31:54and his
31:54face
31:55have
31:55physically
31:55been
31:56scrubbed
31:56out
31:56so
31:57it
31:58makes
31:58you
31:58wonder
31:59whether
31:59those
31:59people
32:00that
32:00he
32:00thought
32:00of
32:01as
32:01his
32:01friends
32:01and
32:02allies
32:02in
32:02his
32:02lifetime
32:03were
32:04actually
32:04out
32:05to
32:05get
32:05him
32:08could
32:08Tutankhamun
32:09have
32:10been
32:10murdered
32:13what
32:14does
32:14the
32:15evidence
32:15say
32:16his
32:17mummified
32:17body
32:18certainly
32:19has
32:19a lot
32:19of
32:19broken
32:20bones
32:21Howard
32:22Carter
32:22and
32:23his
32:23team
32:23were
32:24responsible
32:24for
32:24much
32:25of
32:25the
32:25damage
32:25as they
32:26investigated
32:26Tutankhamun's
32:27mummy
32:28this poor
32:29boy
32:30he suffered
32:30during his
32:31life
32:31but his
32:31body's
32:32been
32:32really
32:32brutalized
32:33after his
32:34death
32:34too
32:35the
32:35descriptions
32:35of how
32:36the mummy
32:36was taken
32:37out
32:37do look
32:37quite brutal
32:38and I think
32:39this particular
32:40wound that we
32:41see here
32:41in the torso
32:42is definitely
32:43from that initial
32:44excavation
32:44because there
32:45is comments
32:46about them
32:46dismembering
32:47the body
32:48into pieces
32:49I'm shocked
32:50by that
32:51dismemberment
32:51mark
32:52that you
32:52can show
32:53because I
32:53mean that's
32:54that's what
32:55that's what
32:55people do
32:56you know
32:56if they're
32:57a horrific
32:57murder
32:58and they're
32:58trying to
32:59dispose
32:59of the
33:00body
33:00yeah
33:01it's quite
33:01traumatic
33:02and I
33:03think a lot
33:03of the
33:04other damage
33:04that we
33:04see
33:05is a
33:06result
33:06of this
33:07kind of
33:07forceful
33:08kind of
33:08pulling
33:08of the
33:08body
33:09out of
33:09the
33:09tomb
33:09so if
33:10we
33:10just
33:10kind of
33:10go
33:11down
33:11through
33:11the
33:11layers
33:13so the
33:14bones
33:14themselves
33:15appear
33:16quite
33:16fragile
33:17in a lot
33:17of places
33:18but you
33:18can actually
33:18see where
33:19the ribs
33:19have just
33:20been broken
33:20like all
33:21the way
33:21down here
33:21we're missing
33:22an entire
33:22section
33:23of rib
33:23here
33:24so here
33:24on the
33:25arm
33:25we see
33:26these
33:26what look
33:27like cuts
33:27going up
33:28and down
33:29but if I
33:30just do
33:30this
33:31we can
33:31actually see
33:32that they're
33:32just very
33:33superficial
33:34rips
33:34in the
33:35skin
33:35actually
33:36so they're
33:37caused by
33:37the mummy
33:38being jostled
33:39around a little
33:40bit
33:40by moving
33:41from anything
33:42mummy skin
33:43is almost
33:44like paper
33:44and it can
33:46break with
33:46almost no
33:47touch whatsoever
33:48very easy
33:49to break
33:50let's just
33:51look at his
33:51skull
33:51because there
33:52have been
33:53stories about
33:53him being
33:54a murder
33:54victim
33:55that he
33:55was maybe
33:56attacked
33:56by a kind
33:57of blunt
33:57instrument
33:57but can
33:58you see
33:58that here
33:59well
34:00I think
34:01there might
34:01be some
34:02evidence
34:02to the
34:02contrary
34:03if we
34:03just look
34:04at the
34:04outside
34:04of the
34:04skull
34:05just to
34:05start
34:05with
34:06it all
34:06looks
34:06completely
34:07normal
34:07completely
34:08intact
34:08there's
34:09no
34:10obvious
34:10signs of
34:11any trauma
34:11or anything
34:12like that
34:12one of the
34:13things people
34:14said was that
34:14they could
34:14see this
34:15suspicious
34:16blur inside
34:17his skull
34:18and there's
34:18probably a
34:19hemorrhage
34:19but what's
34:20going on there
34:20that's actually
34:21quite incredible
34:22so if we
34:22use the
34:24really incredible
34:24tools on here
34:25for dissection
34:26we can actually
34:28go right inside
34:29the head
34:31and there you
34:31go
34:32wow
34:32could be a
34:33big giant
34:33pool of
34:34resin
34:36that's incredible
34:38the skull
34:39isn't filled
34:39with blood
34:40but with
34:41resin
34:41from the
34:42mummification
34:42process
34:45what about
34:46the leg bones
34:46because again
34:47there's this
34:47theory about
34:48you know
34:49he had an
34:50accident
34:50chariot
34:51racing
34:51and got
34:51sepsis
34:52what can
34:53you tell
34:53from what's
34:54going on
34:54there
34:54so if we
34:55have a
34:55look at
34:56his legs
34:57down here
34:58so what
34:59we can
35:00see is
35:00that on
35:01this outer
35:02portion
35:02of his
35:03femur
35:03so on
35:04his left
35:04side
35:04there appears
35:05to be
35:05some sort
35:06of cracking
35:07or a break
35:08right there
35:09so it could
35:10suggest that
35:10he's had
35:10some sort
35:11of impact
35:11from the
35:12side
35:13hitting
35:14the top
35:14of his
35:14knee
35:15and it
35:16may have
35:16put it
35:16out
35:16slightly
35:16out of
35:17joint
35:17it could
35:17have
35:17dislocated
35:18it a
35:18little bit
35:18along with
35:19causing
35:19this large
35:20potential
35:21fracture
35:22it is
35:23very difficult
35:23to say
35:24how close
35:25to around
35:25his death
35:26this happened
35:26so there's
35:28no healing
35:28so he
35:30didn't survive
35:30long after
35:31it
35:33so is
35:34there a
35:34chance that
35:34that could
35:35have killed
35:35him
35:35probably not
35:36the break
35:36but if
35:36there had
35:37been
35:37some kind
35:37of
35:37infection
35:38if the
35:38skin
35:38was
35:39broken
35:39you're
35:39going to
35:40probably
35:40get bone
35:40infection
35:40and he
35:42could have
35:42easily
35:42gone septic
35:43from having
35:44a bone
35:44infection
35:44like that
35:45so you
35:45just get
35:45septicemia
35:46and it
35:47can very
35:47quickly
35:48translate
35:48to death
35:48but it's
35:49very difficult
35:50in a single
35:51individual
35:52in a skeleton
35:52to say
35:53cause of death
35:54because we
35:54can know
35:54what they
35:55died with
35:56but we
35:57don't know
35:57if it's
35:57what they
35:57died from
35:58that's the
35:59tricky
35:59part
36:04but there's
36:06another
36:06possibility
36:08lurking
36:09deep
36:09inside
36:10Tutankhamen's
36:10body
36:11scientists
36:12have discovered
36:13DNA
36:13from another
36:15species
36:17could this
36:19explain
36:19his early
36:20death
36:29a few
36:30years ago
36:31samples
36:32from
36:32Tutankhamen's
36:33mummified
36:33remains
36:34were extracted
36:35and genetically
36:36analysed
36:37with
36:38unexpected
36:39results
36:40inside
36:41Tutankhamen's
36:42body
36:42was discovered
36:44DNA
36:44that
36:45wasn't
36:46his
36:46it
36:47wasn't
36:47even
36:48human
36:48it
36:49belonged
36:50to a single
36:51celled
36:51organism
36:52called
36:52a
36:52plasmodium
36:53that's
36:54injected
36:55into the
36:55body
36:56by
36:56one
36:57of
36:57these
36:58the
36:59Anopheles
36:59mosquito
37:00the creature
37:02that carries
37:03malaria
37:05in fact
37:06they found
37:07evidence
37:07proving
37:08that
37:08Tutankhamen
37:09had suffered
37:09serious
37:10infections
37:10on a number
37:11of occasions
37:11and they
37:13found this
37:13in other
37:14mummies
37:14as well
37:15the oldest
37:17genetic
37:17evidence
37:18for malaria
37:18in
37:19mummified
37:19remains
37:20anywhere
37:21in the
37:21world
37:23as you
37:24can imagine
37:24this environment
37:25is perfect
37:26for mosquitoes
37:27just as it
37:28was in
37:29ancient times
37:30and particularly
37:31now when the
37:32river's at
37:32flood level
37:33and because
37:34so many
37:35ancient religious
37:35festivals
37:36happened on
37:37the river
37:37and so many
37:38palaces and
37:39temples were
37:40built on its
37:40banks
37:40even for a
37:42pharaoh
37:42the mosquito
37:43was a familiar
37:44if unwelcome
37:46friend
37:54so could a
37:55mosquito bite
37:56have been a
37:56cause of
37:57Tutankhamen's
37:58death
37:59well a
38:00malarial
38:01infection
38:01is certainly
38:02a possibility
38:03and if you
38:04think about it
38:05malaria is still
38:06one of the
38:06biggest killers
38:07in the world
38:07today
38:08but even
38:09if it didn't
38:10finish him
38:11off
38:11then a series
38:12of repeated
38:13infections
38:13could well
38:15have weakened
38:15the boy
38:16king
38:24the million
38:25dollar question
38:25we all want
38:26answering is
38:27exactly how
38:29and why
38:30Tutankhamen
38:31died
38:31but the problem
38:32is we just
38:33don't yet have
38:33enough evidence
38:34to come to a
38:35really definite
38:36conclusion
38:39some powerful
38:40men possibly
38:41stood to
38:42gain from
38:42his death
38:43but there's
38:44no detectable
38:45sign of
38:45murder on
38:46his body
38:46he withstood
38:48several infections
38:49of malaria
38:50but the disease
38:51doesn't seem to
38:52have killed
38:52him
38:53and that
38:54compound
38:55fracture of
38:55his femur
38:56may have
38:56resulted in
38:57sepsis
38:57but again
38:58no obvious
38:59signs of
38:59that
39:03so maybe
39:04it's something
39:04a bit more
39:05subtle
39:05a young
39:07man with
39:08physical
39:08challenges
39:09who was
39:09weakened
39:10by malaria
39:11and so
39:12susceptible
39:12to infection
39:14and there's
39:15another
39:15fascinating
39:15thought now
39:16that experts
39:17think it
39:18could well
39:19be a virus
39:20that brought
39:20him down
39:21in that
39:21susceptible
39:22state
39:22and we're
39:23only too
39:23aware right
39:24now how
39:25incredibly
39:25deathly
39:26viruses
39:26can be
39:27the truth
39:28is at the
39:29moment
39:29we don't
39:30know
39:30so it's
39:31a mystery
39:31that Tutankhamun
39:33is still
39:34holding on
39:34to
39:40but there's
39:42another mystery
39:42a huge
39:44question
39:45for
39:45Egyptologists
39:47how was
39:48Tutankhamun's
39:49body preserved
39:50in the first
39:51place
39:53well
39:54just recently
39:55a Danish
39:56researcher
39:57deciphered
39:58a massive
39:59ancient Egyptian
40:00papyrus
40:01this is just
40:02a tiny part
40:03of it
40:04and she's
40:05found that
40:06buried deep
40:07in here
40:07there is
40:08nothing less
40:09than the
40:10recipe
40:11for mummification
40:12so we know
40:15exactly what
40:16ingredients were
40:17used
40:17and it's
40:18things like
40:19myrrh
40:19and incense
40:20and oil
40:21of biblos
40:22and oil
40:23of Lebanon
40:24and bull
40:25fat
40:25and not only
40:27that
40:27but this
40:28dates
40:28from the
40:2918th
40:30dynasty
40:30so this
40:31is from
40:32the time
40:32of Tutankhamun
40:34so this
40:34is the
40:35recipe
40:35for the
40:36mummification
40:37of Tutankhamun's
40:39body
40:41it's
40:42modern research
40:42edging us
40:43closer to
40:44the truth
40:44of his
40:45life
40:45and death
40:48in all
40:49this
40:50mummification
40:50took 70
40:51days
40:52the first
40:5335
40:53were devoted
40:54to removing
40:55the internal
40:55organs
40:56and drying
40:56the body
40:57with a salt
40:58called
40:58natron
40:59during which
41:00there were
41:01probably
41:01processions
41:02every four
41:02days
41:04at the
41:05halfway stage
41:05the wrapping
41:06phase of the
41:07mummification
41:07began
41:09as part
41:10of this
41:11red linen
41:12was used
41:13soaked
41:14in all
41:14those
41:14fantastic
41:15ingredients
41:16that were
41:16then pressed
41:17onto
41:17Tutankhamun's
41:19face
41:19to give
41:19this incredible
41:20smoothness
41:21to his
41:21face
41:22and his
41:22skin
41:24the face
41:25and the rest
41:26of the body
41:26were encased
41:27in a kind
41:27of protective
41:28antibacterial
41:30cocoon
41:30the whole
41:32process
41:32was repeated
41:33every four
41:34days or so
41:34until the
41:35final wraps
41:36were applied
41:37and it
41:39worked
41:39didn't it
41:40I mean
41:40he's well
41:41over
41:423,000
41:44years old
41:45and he
41:45does not
41:46look too
41:46bad
41:51next
41:52Tutankhamun
41:53was prepared
41:54for his
41:54journey to
41:55the afterlife
41:55in a sacred
41:56rite
41:57shown on
41:58the wall
41:58of his
41:59tomb
42:00that man
42:01on the
42:01right there
42:02is I
42:03who was
42:04one of
42:04Tutankhamun's
42:05generals
42:05and former
42:06advisors
42:07but we
42:08know now
42:08that he's
42:09a king
42:09because he's
42:10wearing that
42:10beautiful blue
42:11crown
42:12and what you
42:13can't fail to
42:14notice that
42:14he's draped
42:15in a leopard
42:16skin
42:16and the reason
42:17for that
42:17is that he's
42:18performing the
42:19function of a
42:19priest here
42:22he's using a
42:23flint blade
42:24in what was
42:25called the
42:26opening of the
42:27mouth ceremony
42:30and the idea
42:31was that even
42:32in the afterlife
42:33Tutankhamun
42:35could use
42:36his voice
42:36he could speak
42:37with his
42:38mummified tongue
42:45so now
42:46Tutankhamun
42:47was ready
42:48to join
42:48the stars
42:49in the
42:49heavens
42:49here in the
42:51tomb
42:51a small
42:52effigy
42:53of the
42:53king
42:53was discovered
42:54and on
42:55it was
42:55written a
42:56prayer
42:56to
42:57Nud
42:57the
42:58great
42:58goddess
42:58of the
42:59cosmos
43:05descend on
43:07me
43:07my mother
43:08spread yourself
43:09over me
43:10so I may
43:12now become
43:12one of
43:14the imperishable
43:15stars
43:19after a
43:20decade on
43:20the throne
43:21Tutankhamun
43:23died
43:23without any
43:25surviving
43:25children
43:26he was
43:27just
43:2719
43:31I do feel
43:32that I've
43:33come closer
43:33to Tutankhamun
43:35on this
43:35journey
43:35he is
43:37fascinating
43:37and inspiring
43:39and vulnerable
43:40he was the
43:42son of an
43:42unpopular
43:42king
43:43and his
43:44mother was
43:44probably
43:45brutally
43:45murdered
43:46it seems
43:47that he
43:48suffered all
43:48kinds of
43:49physical
43:49challenges
43:49and he
43:50really had
43:51to fight
43:51to keep
43:52hold of
43:52power
43:53but now
43:55science
43:55is revealing
43:56the truth
43:57of his
43:58story
43:58and because
44:00of the
44:00discovery
44:00of his
44:01tomb
44:01Tutankhamun
44:03is one
44:03of the
44:03most
44:04famous
44:04pharaohs
44:05of all
44:06time
44:08Tutankhamun
44:09lives
44:09because we
44:10are still
44:11saying
44:12his name
44:13ruler of
44:18thebes
44:18given life
44:20like
44:20Ra
44:21eternally
44:22shining
44:22shining
44:23shining
44:24lim
44:26about
44:26two
44:30two
44:31one
44:32one
44:33is
44:34one
44:38one
44:39two
44:40thebes
44:53one
44:57Ευχαριστώ.