- 7 months ago
Le plus grand animal ayant jamais vécu sur Terre n'était pas un dinosaure — et des scientifiques viennent de découvrir ses restes. La découverte a eu lieu au Pérou, et les chiffres relatifs à sa taille sont franchement ridicules. Cette créature était plus lourde que n'importe quel animal terrestre ayant jamais existé. Ses os poussent les scientifiques à repenser la taille que peuvent atteindre les formes de vie sur Terre. Et oui, il a vécu dans l'océan... mais pas celui que vous imaginez. Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00A fascinating discovery, and for the most unexpected, has emerged among the rocks of the Valley of Ica, in Pérou.
00:07The ossements of a pre-historical baleine, Perusetus Colossus, had lived there about 40 millions of years.
00:14Initially, these oss massives and with forms of habitually didn't have a lot of interest,
00:19because they were taken for simple giants.
00:22Certainly, this hypothesis could intrigue,
00:25but things have taken a different direction when researchers realized they were face to rest
00:30of a colossal animal animal animal animal.
00:33In other words, this baleine would probably be the most lourd to ever have existed.
00:38Sorry, the blue blue.
00:40We know that you have done for your place at the summit.
00:43With a length of more than 30 meters and a weight of 200 tons,
00:47she deserves its status of the greatest animal of the planet.
00:50However, it seems to be that its reign touched on its end.
00:53It is time to give the title to a new claim.
00:56And this one is truly titanesque.
00:59This creature of the ocean was certainly less short than the blue blue,
01:03but slightly more lourde, with a mass estimated between 93 and 370 tons.
01:09If the calculations go towards the higher level,
01:12Perusetus could become the biggest animal ever known on Earth.
01:16This weight impressive is explained by the eau extraordinarily dense and heavy.
01:21A trace that we still observe today at the same time as the lamantins,
01:24or some of the first cétacés.
01:26These eaux denses represent a huge advantage for the mammifères marins,
01:31because they allow them to stay immerged the majority of the time.
01:34But a excess of weight could be problematic.
01:36A body too lourd would tend to flow permanently,
01:40obliging the animal to spend a considerable energy to rise to the surface.
01:44To avoid that, the mammifères marins must have enough tissue more light,
01:49like muscles or graisse,
01:51to guarantee their floatability,
01:53while minimizing their efforts.
01:54The scientists did not have a complete squelette,
01:57which complicate the evaluation of the size of the animal.
02:00However, they used the relationship between the os lourds
02:03and the more light tissues,
02:05observed by other mammifères marins,
02:07to estimate the total weight of this huge baleine pre-historique.
02:10These fossils have been discovered there about 13 years,
02:13and researchers have spent the next 10 years to extract the baleine of the rock.
02:17L'analyse of its anatomy and its age
02:20revealed that it was apparent to the Basilosaurus,
02:23a baleine dotée of a long museau
02:25garni of dents acerrées
02:26and of a giant body body,
02:27like that of an anguille.
02:29Even if Perusetus was not bigger than the blue baleine,
02:32it was not more than a giant
02:34in the ocean's depths.
02:36Unlike the modern baleine,
02:38it is possible that this creature
02:40had been a predator
02:41attacking a big size.
02:43This discovery also
02:45gives us our understanding of the evolution of the baleine.
02:48The researchers thought auparavant
02:49that these majestic creatures
02:51had reached
02:52an impressive size
02:53there about 5 million years
02:55when they began to consume
02:56a large amount of small prey.
02:58However,
02:59here is the proof
03:00that gigantic baleine existed before.
03:03However,
03:04it remains to be found
03:05how this baleine
03:06found enough food
03:07to come to its needs.
03:09Moreover,
03:10it is difficult
03:11to determine precisely
03:12the food regime
03:13of this ancient creature.
03:14With its large size
03:16and its narrow size
03:17and its narrow size
03:18it was probably
03:19looking for its food
03:20in deep ees
03:21it was probably
03:22eating
03:23of crustaceae,
03:24of walnuts
03:25or other small animals
03:26buried in the sand.
03:27A hypothesis
03:28propose
03:29that she was a charognard
03:30feeding the rest of animals
03:31found on her passage.
03:33It is not rare
03:34to discover
03:35marine fossils
03:36in the desert
03:37of the sea.
03:39The Sahara,
03:40for example,
03:41was,
03:42it was,
03:4350 to 100 millions of years,
03:44a deep sea sea
03:45called the maritime maritime
03:47transaharienne.
03:48If this region is today
03:49arid,
03:50the inhabitants of this place
03:51were aware of
03:52their own past
03:53aquatic
03:54because they often found
03:55ancient stones.
03:56The sea
03:57reached a deep depth
03:58of about 50 meters,
03:59a deep depth
04:00ideal for the baignade.
04:01Some could compare
04:03this region
04:04to the Puerto Rico
04:05today,
04:06with its abundance
04:07of sun and its ees
04:08few deep.
04:09The forests
04:10of mangroves
04:11were spread
04:12like the marine
04:13covered by molluscs
04:14such as the escargots
04:15and the palourdes.
04:16The marine plants
04:18deposed after the
04:19shoreline of the sea
04:20regurgent
04:21of various fossils
04:22the creatures
04:23peuplant
04:24this ancient world
04:25with an appearance
04:26less engaged
04:27and were
04:28much more important
04:29than their current descendants
04:30of the sea.
04:31A human human
04:32would only be
04:33a human
04:34for its giants
04:35beyond a whole
04:36meal.
04:37Generally,
04:38when an animal
04:39is established
04:40on a small island,
04:41it can reach a
04:42higher size
04:43of its inhabitants.
04:44This phenomenon
04:45known
04:46as the name
04:47of insular
04:48is explained
04:49by the increase
04:50of resources
04:51or the reduction
04:52of the predators
04:53on the island.
04:54Maybe a similar phenomenon
04:55is produced
04:56in the maritime
04:57trans-saharien?
04:58Even if it is not
04:59an island
05:00the movements
05:01incessant
05:02of the sea
05:03have formed
05:04small pockets
05:05isolated.
05:06The conditions
05:07specific
05:08which were
05:09likely have
05:10favored
05:11the growth
05:12of certain species.
05:13Ainsi,
05:14we find creatures
05:15such as
05:16such as
05:17as
05:18as
05:19as
05:20as
05:21as
05:22as
05:23as
05:24as
05:25as
05:26the
05:28trees
05:29are
05:30as
05:31much
05:32as
05:33as
05:34as
05:35as
05:36as
05:37as
05:38as
05:39as
05:40as
05:41as
05:42as
05:43as
05:44as
05:45as
05:46as
05:47as
05:48as
05:49as
05:50as
05:51as
05:52what is today the most hot desert in the world like it was there about 6.000 years ago,
05:56you would not be confronted with a sea of burning sand.
06:00You could, at the same time, take advantage of a nice walk through a luxury landscape.
06:05The inhabitants of this region, once again,
06:08did not leave painting on the walls of the grottes,
06:10representing the horses, the dunes or scorpions,
06:14these characteristics of the Sahara actual.
06:17At the place, they draw crocodiles.
06:19These illustrations offer an additional evidence that at a time,
06:23the Sahara was surrounded by water and vegetation,
06:26enough to accueillir its imposible and redoubtable reptiles.
06:29About 3 billion years ago, the Earth was probably almost entirely covered by water.
06:35Today, the oceans cover about 70 and 11% of the earth surface,
06:40but it seems that at this time, it looks like a vast ocean world,
06:45without real continent, only by some islands.
06:48The scientists examined the rocks particularly in the Western Australia,
06:53formed in a deeply immersed environment called system of hydrothermal sources.
06:59To better understand, it is necessary to mention two types of current oxygen types,
07:03O16 and O18.
07:06This one, more lourd thanks to its additional neutrons,
07:09will evaporate less easily.
07:11In analysis of ancient lands, the researchers discovered a significant proportion of E18,
07:17O18,
07:18higher than the observed in the current oceans.
07:21This led to conclude that,
07:23the Earth had more emerged than today.
07:26The Australia,
07:27once again a place verdoyant,
07:29with big animals and vast forests tropicals,
07:32is today the ideal place for this type of study.
07:34With the time, this Earth has become more arid,
07:38and forests such as the Great Desert of Victoria have formed.
07:41The tropical forests, according to them,
07:44have gradually reduced to the extremes of the continent.
07:47This phenomenon, known as desertification,
07:51is produced when the forests,
07:53as previously fertile and adapted to agriculture,
07:56are transformed into deserts.
07:58If the natural changements climatiques contribute to this evolution,
08:02the activities human, like the mining,
08:05the agriculture intensive or urban construction
08:08are also an important role in this transformation.
08:11When the Earth becomes deserts,
08:13it causes many problems.
08:15They cannot produce more nourishment,
08:18the water potable becomes insufficient,
08:20and the animals lose their natural habitat.
08:23For the fight against this phenomenon,
08:25many countries have adopted a plan.
08:27It aims to collaborate with the farmers
08:30to restore the degraded lands,
08:32to manage the water more efficiently
08:33and to preserve the more productive zones,
08:35in order to improve the conditions of life on our planet.
08:40Over the last 30 years,
08:42scientists have made an incredible discovery
08:45of a new creature living profondément
08:47under the surface of the ocean.
08:49The name of this creature is the Aponge Harp.
08:52If you ask why it has been so long to discover this animal,
08:56it is important to know that it is generally
08:58at a deep depth of about 3400 meters
09:01below the surface of the ocean.
09:03This species of Aponge has been discovered
09:05for the first time around the California
09:07with a robot enough solid to explore its extreme profondément
09:11that the ocean has to offer.
09:13It is without any doubt a zone of the planet
09:16where even the creatures of the appearance
09:17the most dangerous can be potentially dangerous.
09:21And the scientists have been surprised
09:23to constate that this creature
09:24was much more than a simple sponge.
09:27This may seem obvious,
09:28but the Aponge Harp has been called
09:30so because its structure of base,
09:32called Aube,
09:34has the same shape as an Arp.
09:35Each Aube is composed of a horizontal branch
09:38supporting several vertical branches parallel.
09:41But it is not mistaken for the appearance
09:43fantasy and amusing of the Aponge Harp,
09:46or by its beautiful name.
09:48It is a redoubtable chasseur
09:49of the profondément.
09:50It has a unique capacity to capture
09:53and envelopper of small animals
09:55to help with its rhizzoids,
09:56of short and fine fibers.
09:58Thanks to her,
09:59the Aponge Harp has been approached
10:01the Aponge Harp's fond vaseux
10:02and mous of the ocean
10:03and attracted the minuscule creatures
10:04which are found in its branches
10:06by the currents of the profondeur.
10:08Other sponges sponges
10:10often are nourishing in prelevant
10:11of bacteria and pieces of organic
10:14of the water and in the filter
10:15through their body.
10:17But not our Aponge Harp.
10:19In lieu of that,
10:20she attracted her future repas
10:21with the minuscule crochets barbelés
10:24which cover each of its branches.
10:26The Aponge Harp has a preference
10:28for the small crustaceous
10:30like the crabs,
10:31the crevices and the crevettes.
10:33Once she has one in its griffes,
10:35she envelopes the animal
10:36with a fine membrane
10:37before starting to digress lentement.
10:40The researchers think
10:41that the Aponge Harp
10:42uses this method of alimentation
10:44because there is not enough
10:45to be enough nutrients in profondeur.
10:46This makes the traditional aliment
10:49by filtration of particles
10:50less efficient.
10:51The research shows
10:52that this creature is still evolving.
10:55The first Aponge Harp
10:57that the researchers found
10:58were only two bulbs.
10:59But later,
11:00the scientists discovered
11:02the Aponge Harp
11:04that could have evolved
11:06towards this structure
11:07to increase its surface surface.
11:11In general,
11:12the Aponge Harp
11:13reach a 30 cm
11:14with a size of 30 cm.
11:16But the researchers found
11:17one who made the double one.
11:19The Aponge Harp
11:21is also beautiful
11:22that rare.
11:22You see these little
11:23blanches at the top of the branches?
11:25Now, why not
11:27not look at other creatures
11:28who live under the zone
11:29photic of the ocean
11:31of the earth?
11:31It is the zone
11:32located under the surface
11:33of the ocean
11:34which receives
11:35a little bit of light.
11:36Because of that,
11:38many animals and creatures
11:40are also known
11:41to be considered
11:43as an animal
11:44above the zone
11:44is considered
11:45as an abyss.
11:46The ver Annelide
11:48Tomopteris
11:49is a ver segmented
11:50that we find
11:51in the zone
11:51of the ocean
11:52which is the zone
11:54which is between
11:55200 and 1000 m
11:56under the surface.
11:58These creatures
11:58often don't often
11:59not only 2,5 cm
12:01but the largest
12:02of them
12:03can measure
12:03up to 30 cm.
12:05When they are
12:06and they are nourishing
12:07these verres
12:08effectue
12:08what the researchers
12:09describe
12:09as an incredible dance.
12:11In fact,
12:12they can nage
12:13at great speed
12:14and operate
12:15very easily
12:16at the angles
12:17serrées.
12:18When we hear
12:19the word
12:19verres
12:20we often think
12:20about the verres
12:21of the earth
12:22common.
12:22It is so interesting
12:23to know
12:24that there is
12:24a verre
12:25of the profund
12:25which never
12:26comes out
12:27of the entire life.
12:28Most of us
12:30try to avoid
12:30the contact
12:31with the
12:31meduses
12:32of the sable
12:33or those
12:33who nage
12:34près
12:34of the surface.
12:35But you
12:36don't risk
12:36not to
12:36find the
12:37meduses
12:38Crosota
12:38which is also
12:39an abyss
12:40creature.
12:41This
12:42magnifique
12:42meduses
12:43is generally
12:43of the
12:44red
12:44red
12:44ruby,
12:45orange
12:45vif
12:46or violet
12:46electric.
12:48It's what
12:48allowed
12:49researchers to
12:49realize
12:50that they had
12:50found a new
12:51species of
12:52meduses.
12:53The
12:53creature
12:54atteint
12:54a maximum
12:55of 2,5 cm
12:57of diameter.
12:58It has
12:58a tentaculate
12:59which
12:59spread
12:59in all directions.
13:01Si tu t'en approches,
13:02elle rassemblera tous ses tentacules vers son corps avant de s'éloigner rapidement à la nage pour éviter le danger.
13:09La méduse Crosota est extrêmement rare, tu ne la verras pas très souvent et tu devras peut-être utiliser le robot de plongée profonde dont on a déjà parlé.
13:18Maintenant, si les vers et les méduses peuvent sembler tout à fait inoffensifs, ce n'est pas le cas du poisson vipère du Pacifique.
13:25Cette créature est équipée d'une très grande bouche et ses dents en forme d'aiguille sont la clé de sa stratégie de chasse.
13:33Le poisson vipère du Pacifique vit à environ 1500 mètres sous la surface de l'océan.
13:38Mais il fait partie des nombreux animaux marins qui migrent chaque nuit des profondeurs vers des eaux moins profondes pour se nourrir.
13:46Et qui a-t-il au menu d'aujourd'hui ?
13:48Beaucoup de petits poissons et de crevettes.
13:50La créature peut mesurer jusqu'à 30 cm de long.
13:54Ses deux crocs avant qui se dressent sur sa mâchoire inférieure, juste devant ses yeux, sont particulièrement spectaculaires.
14:01Lorsque le poisson décroche sa mâchoire, sa bouche peut s'ouvrir assez largement pour engloutir de plus petits animaux.
14:08Et sa dentition forme une sorte de cage qui empêche toute fuite.
14:12Tu as déjà vu une créature sous-marine qui ressemble à une fraise ?
14:16Oui, ça existe.
14:17Regarde ses petits points sur le calmar fraise.
14:20Cette créature a un gros œil et un autre plus petit.
14:24On pourrait croire que c'est gênant et inconfortable, mais c'est en fait tout le contraire.
14:28Le grand œil gauche regarde vers le haut.
14:31Il repère les ombres projetées par d'autres animaux dans les eaux peu éclairées au-dessus.
14:35Et sa forme tubulaire l'aide à collecter autant de lumière que possible.
14:40De l'autre côté de la tête du calmar, tu peux voir son œil droit.
14:43Il est petit et regarde vers le bas.
14:45Cet œil recherche les flashes de bioluminescence produits par les animaux qui se cachent dans les eaux plus sombres en dessous.
14:52La bioluminescence désigne la production et l'émission de lumière par des organismes vivants.
14:58Au fait, ce calmar a un surnom.
15:00Il est connu sous le nom de calmar qui louche.
15:03Cela est simplement dû à la différence de taille remarquable entre ses deux yeux.
15:07Comme la lumière n'atteint pas les profondeurs de la mer, le corps du calmar fraise semble noir.
15:12Cela l'aide à se cacher de ses prédateurs comme les requins et les dauphins.
15:16En général, le calmar fraise atteint une longueur de 13 cm.
15:20Il vit à environ 900 mètres sous la surface, mais nage vers des eaux moins profondes la nuit.
15:26L'étoile à plumes est une créature marine sans colonne vertébrale, mais avec des membres en forme de plumes qui rayonnent à partir du centre de son corps.
15:35Cette créature est apparue pour la première fois il y a environ 200 millions d'années.
15:39Apparentée aux étoiles de mer, elle ressemble à une fleur, mais si tu t'en approches, elle s'éloigne rapidement à la nage.
15:46Mais toutes les étoiles à plumes ne savent pas nager. De nombreuses espèces ne peuvent que ramper sur le fond de la mer.
15:53Comme certaines des autres créatures des profondeurs que nous avons examinées, l'étoile à plumes peut s'adapter à son environnement.
15:59Elle a la capacité effrayante de se débarrasser de ses membres, de la même façon que certains lézards peuvent se débarrasser de leur queue.
16:06Cela l'aide aussi probablement à échapper à ses ennemis.
16:10Les étoiles à plumes vivent partout dans le monde, de l'équateur au pôle, du sommet des récifs des eaux peu profondes, aux profondeurs abyssales de la mer.
16:19Dans la catégorie des créatures mystérieuses, le nom de celle-ci est tout à fait approprié.
16:25Le vampire des abysses pourrait être le symbole officiel de la faune des profondeurs.
16:30Il a un corps rouge foncé, d'énormes yeux bleus et une toile semblable à une cape qui s'étend entre ses huit bras.
16:37Ses caractéristiques ainsi que son nom peuvent suggérer que la créature est une sorte de chasseur terrifiant.
16:43Mais en réalité, le vampire des abysses est une créature timide au corps mou, de la taille, de la forme et de la couleur d'un ballon de football américain.
16:53Il atteint une longueur d'environ 30 cm et vit à 900 m sous la surface.
16:58Il n'y a presque pas d'oxygène à cette profondeur, mais aussi relativement peu de prédateurs.
17:04Ça ne se passe pas.
17:07Puis-je le secret sté?
17:09Pas du gust sur la surface.
17:10Le vampire des abysses est élevé, mais d'absolument.
17:13Il n'y a de lakre.
17:15Il n'y a de la route.
17:16Il n'y a d'une autre surprise.
17:18Il n'y a de la route.
17:21Il n'y a de la route.
17:23Il n'y a de la route.
17:25Il n'y a de la route.
17:27Il n'y a de la route.
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