Ask an early-elementary teacher what the recently popularized term “science-based reading instruction” means, and the response is likely to include something about decoding—the process of ...

Writing improves that encoding process. In other words, when you write it down it has a much greater chance of being remembered. Neuropsychologists have identified the “generation effect ...

The process of interpreting ... another set of problems. Encoding, recording, or broadcasting from one type of image capture to another can produce weird effects. Take an old movie recorded ...