Payments ecosystems are often categorized as either closed-loop or open-loop systems, each with distinct advantages and limitations. Closed-loop systems, such as single-provider mobile wallets like ...

Miroslav Katsarov is the CEO of Modeshift, a technology company bringing intelligent transportation to small- and mid-size transit agencies. Open-loop payments have emerged as a high-profile trend in ...

What happens when a system becomes trapped in its own feedback loop? The closed-loop trap can create surprising consequences ...

Smart transit has changed how people move. Riders now expect fast, digital, and contactless experiences. That includes mobile payments, QR tickets, and cashless fare collection. But with all this ...