With open-loop therapies ... There was no significant difference in the rate of severe hypoglycemia. However, individuals using a hybrid closed-loop system had a higher rate of ketoacidosis ...

Industrial control systems can be categorized in two types: open-loop and closed-loop systems. The open-loop control system is a continuous control system that provides no feedback from its output.

Parameters that must be considered when specifying open- and closed-loop control systems include: Hysteresis: The difference in measured output between increasing and decreasing commands.

Payments ecosystems are often categorized as either closed-loop or open-loop systems, each with distinct advantages and limitations. Closed-loop systems, such as single-provider mobile wallets ...

Figure 1 illustrates the difference between open- and closed-loop speed ... which are available today. A typical closed-loop fan control system is illustrated in Figure 2. ICs in this category ...

Currently, one closed-loop system, the Medtronic MiniMed 670G, is in commercial use in the United States, but randomized trials are needed to assess its efficacy and safety. 8 Such a system, which ...