Calculations in standard form are most often used by scientists working with very small and very large numbers. For example, Earth is 1∙5 × 10⁸ km from the Sun. Neptune is 4∙5 × 10⁹ km ...

We derive an explicit form for power/sample size calculation based on these two tests. A number of simulation studies have been used to illustrate the efficiency of the tests for the case-cohort ...

For example, Earth is 1∙5 × 10⁸ km from the Sun. Neptune is 4∙5 × 10⁹ km from the Sun. To find the difference in these distances a subtraction in standard form is used. 4∙5 × 10⁹ ...