The optimisation of process planning has emerged as a pivotal aspect of modern manufacturing, where genetic algorithms (GAs) and hybrid techniques are leveraged to address the combinatorial complexity ...

Determining the least expensive path for a new subway line underneath a metropolis like New York City is a colossal planning challenge—involving thousands of potential routes through hundreds of city ...

Optimization seeks to find the best. It could be to design a process that minimizes capital or maximizes material conversion, to choose operating conditions that maximize throughput or minimize waste, ...